Press Freedom in Malaysia

Press Freedom in Malaysia Introduction and Context of Press Freedom According to the World Press Freedom Index 2014, our country, Malaysia ranks 147 among 180 countries. The World Press Freedom Index measures the degree of freedom of the journalists and news publication in each country, how much efforts that the public respect to the freedom and ensure it, and also the negative connection between information and conflicts. There are some general criteria that the World Press Freedom Index used to score the country which are pluralism, media independence, environment and self-censorship, legislative framework, transparency and infrastructure (Reporters without Borders, 2014). Since our country ranks in 147, it means that Malaysia’s press freedom is totally in a difficult situation. The violations and discrimination of the journalists and also the daily news which publish about violence and negative issues will affect the World Press Freedom ranking. The news media in Malaysia are mostly monopolized by laws and regulation. It covers a huge area in the media industry and restrict them in many ways. Government may reinforce the industry by adopting and implementing a self-regulation code and even watch or guide them to impose those regulations (Alsogoff Hamzah 2007). This results in the restriction of press freedom. Press freedom protects the privilege to obtain and publish materials without the government censorship or the law enforcement. It applies to all types of printed and broadcast material such as books, newspapers, journals, magazines, brochures, films and radio and even the television programs. The press are not given too much power or credibility to perform on certain things. According to Alsagoff, Abdullah Hassan (2011), they stated that there are three ways to restrict the press freedom in Malaysia which are through restrictive laws, ownership from political parties and connected business individuals and also the self-censorship which are exercised by the editors and journalists. Because of the laws and regulations towards the press freedom, the press and the public cannot express their feelings and thoughts freely. This has already restricted them to think creatively and critically. Importance of Press Freedom As we know, although the press freedom has been partially restricted in Malaysia, either the online news or news publication, the journalists still consider the freedom of press important for some reasons and play their role as the responsibility to transmit the information to the public, as follows: Since the information and the news has been published without being biased or prejudiced, the public are able to make decision or think critically about the related issue; Press functions not only as the indicator of an issue but also the as the media’s predictor of the change in the nations over the world; Press can be known as a part of the media to help to maintain the balance and the democracy of the country. Media acts as the â€Å"watchdog of the people† and also the â€Å"Fourth Estate† other than the three traditional estate of the Parliament. Nowadays, there are strong inseparable relationship between the status of democracy and the role of the press and media. It means that one cannot function without another where the rapid growth of the technology and the rise of the social media is challenging the restrictions from the government to the press media. (Dr.Sankaran, n.d.) Technology, Social Media and Reformasi The media crisis issues which were happened in Malaysia has contributed to the idea of press freedom. Most of the press freedom had their printing licenses revoked because of the restriction of the government and the laws. After facing much obstacles from publishing materials such as May 1969 Riots, Operation Lalang and the Reformasi issue, the attention shifted to the Internet. In the early September 1998, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad fired his deputy Anwar Ibrahim. Many Malaysians were craving to search for the truth of why Anwar had been fired as the government concealed the truth from the mainstream media. Thus, the alternative media such as online website were sprang up to find out the truth and to maintain the principles as journalists which are â€Å"transparency† and â€Å"accountability†. For example, Malaysia’s most popular email discussion, The Sangkancil mailing list, the independent web-based daily newspaper, Malaysiakini,com, website for a community to cultivate a public sphere, Freemedia, and the web radio which under the Centre of Investigative Journalism’s operation, RadiqRadio.com (Anil, 2002). It also claims that Anwar Ibrahim is the one who bro ught out the trend of using alternative media to find out the truth. In this new era, due to the development of the technology, newspaper are slowly not recognized by the people as they are able to search the information that they want through the alternative media. The Internet appeared to transform the ways that the news media work used to be in technological-developing countries as well as how the society groups try to change the society (Robie, n.d.). Thus, it makes a large extent to the alternative or independent media in the world. It provides alternative viewpoint, opinion and information to the public (Atton, 2002). Although blogs and social networking website were not essentially used to share information, they are widely used to spread the news better than the mainstream media which automatically transform into the most potential information source (Sajad, n.d.). However, there are still some people who use the alternative and the social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Youtube and other sources to spread misinformation and rumors. Alternative media differs with the mainstream media from some dimensions which are their contents, aesthetic, production method, distribution method, and the relations between audiences. Every alternative media created with certain aims and purpose. For example, Malaysiakini was established for the journalists who dissatisfied with the biased news content and their objective is to push the boundaries and test the press freedom (Wang, 2001). It shows that although the mainstream media has been restricted by the government, there are still some alternative media with different purposes for public to voice out their opinion. Therefore, the technology advancement and the rising of social media give a perspective that there is press freedom in the society. The May 1969 Riots – The Idea of Press Freedom In the 1969 general election, the ruling Alliance Party which includes UMNO, MCA and MIC almost failed to gain a two-thirds majority seats in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). On the other hand, the opposition parties managed to get the majority seats and the supports from public. The opposition parties involving DAP, Gerakan, PAS and formed a joint double-prong commission for two purposes which to prevent vote splitting and to campaign for each other by asking their supporters to vote for anyone other than the Alliance Party (Lim, 2012). Therefore, it created a multi-ethnic society and received most of the votes and grant welcome from Malays. However, the government seemed to not have an agreement with the situation. According to them, it was caused by the â€Å"inflammatory speeches made by the political parties during the election campaign and made the oppositions parties staged the victory processions† (Lee, 1995). This is why the government felt that their position and status had been threatened. To solve this situation, the King, advised by the government, declared an emergency state in Malaysia. At the same time, all press publication were requested to shut down for two days starting from 16 May 1969 to inhibit the spread of propaganda (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). By the way, there are still some major newspapers were allowed to publish items but the news contents had to be censored by the government first. The press has completely controlled by the government and been restricted for two days although some of press were owned by private sector. Because of that, the journalists decided to revoke and fight for the press freedom. They noticed that the press freedom is important for the public to understand what is happening in our country. Public has the rights to know the truth behind the government. This is how does the press freedom idea come from. Control towards Press Freedom Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA) The first law and regulation which controls the freedom of the press is the Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA). This legislative impinges on the media effectiveness in playing its role as disseminator of information and watchdog over the government of the day (Wang, 2001). Cardinally, British colonial government introduced the Printing Presses and Publications Act as the Printing Ordinance 1948 at the beginning of the emergency state, in order to resist Communist activities which seems as a threat to the establishment. This act again revised in 1971 because of the 13 May 1969 to provide powers and to revoke the publication’s license who aggravated the national sensitivities and the development. Section 3 requires all publication to apply for an annual publishing licence. It makes the printers and the publishers cannot retain their licenses by eliminating the renewal process. If not, they could have to face the prison term for 3 years jail sentence. It also added some curbs in the act. For example, Section 8(A) (2) states that the published material to be malicious if the writer cannot prove that he/she had taken reasonable measures to verify the truth of the news. Because of this amended act, the government always use this act to straighten the media law and control the publication either directly or indirectly. According to Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani (2005), the reasons that the government wants to restrict the press freedom and introduces the PPPA in Malaysia are to ensure the orders and to limit the ability of foreign presses to influence people’s attitudes and minds towards the government and country as a whole. In 1987, two national dailies, The Star and Sin Chew Jit Poh and a Malay bi-weekly, Watan had their licenses revoked because the press were taking sides in their coverage of the Chinese education and also supported the opposition parties by continuously provide transparent news coverage. In 1988, they resumed the publication again after some changes in editorial staff and a climate of self-censorship among the journalists which continued through the 1990s. Official Security Act (OSA) Moreover, the Official Secrets Act (OSA) is also yet another piece of legislation that has restricted the right freedom of the expression. It replaced the Malay States Official Secret Ordinance 1950 and was based on the British OSA 1911 and 1920. It can be known a statute inMalaysiaprohibiting the dissemination of information classified as an official secret. This act is related to the communication of sensitive information to non-authorized persons or foreign agents. Raja Aziz Addruse (1990), former chairman of the Malayan Bar Council, describes the Act as the antithesis of the freedom of speech and of citizen’s right to comment on and discuss the government misconduct and incompetence. To exemplify, Section 2 in OSA defines official secret as any official letter, information, or material which is classified by the Minister and the Chief Minister of state or an appointed public officer as â€Å"Top Secret†, â€Å"Secret†, â€Å"Confidential†, and â€Å"Restricted†. Subsequent amendments to this Act have had the effect of making almost all official documents to be classified as official secret (Mustafa, 2002). The public does not have the right to speak out the voice as they are afraid they may be sued or even sentenced to jail. The journalists are also having the same situation too. They are not allowed to report or do any further investigation since the document has been labelled as secret by the Executive. Thus, many government officers use this as an excuse to cover things that cannot be exposed to the public such as bribery, relationship and power misusing and even the promiscuity. After that, they threatened the press to whitewash the truth so that the people will think that the government is really practicing â€Å"transparency† and â€Å"accountability†. However, till then, this issue cannot be denied as it has been shown clearly through the daily newspaper and the related officers have gotten the punishment that they deserved. On 13 July 2007, Tan, a webmaster who works for the opposition Parti Keadilan Rakyat, was arrested under Section 8 of OSA. He was suspected on possessing â€Å"official secrets† on his blog by connecting a link (http://jelas.info) which accused Deputy Internal Security Minister Johari Baharum suspecting in a bribery allegations in exchange for the release of people detained under Malaysia Emergency Ordinance. It is a law that deals with the internal security which allows for detention without trial. Because of this, Johari had been called for an official investigation while Tan may face one to seven years’ imprisonment if he found guilty of violating the OSA. Internal Security Act (ISA) Furthermore, another law and regulation which restrict the press freedom is the Internal Security Act (ISA). ISA can be known as a preventive detention law force in Malaysia which provides for without-trial detention and arbitrary arrest for a period (Mustafa, 2002). This act is originally enacted in the early 1960s during a national state of emergency which play its role as a temporary measure to fight for a communist rebellion. It is based on barely suspicion that one â€Å"may be† commit an act which may bring dangerous and threat to the national security. By the way, this act has be shown clearly that how did it function during Operation Lalang. The issue development of Operation Lalang also brought the second largest Internal Security Act (ISA) alight in Malaysian History since the 13 May riots. Other than the three mainstream newspapers’ licenses were revoked, a number of 106 people were also detained under ISA declaring for participating in activities â€Å"prejudicial to the security of Malaysia†. The detainees include the leader of the Opposition, Lim Kit Siang, ALIRAN president Dr Chandra Muzaffar, DAP Deputy ChairmanKarpal Singh and so forth as well as university lecturers, environmentalists, businessman and some members of UMNO (Operasi Lalang, n.d.). It brought the major breakdown in the Malaysia political history during that time. There is some other examples of ISA cases which happened in Malaysia. On 2010, thirteen journalists, including two Malaysians, were arrested under ISA because of participating in hunger strikes in May and June due to lack of news over their release. Raja Petra Kamaruddin, a blogger of the Malaysia Today website who was well known for publishing a series of commentary articles on Malaysian politics on the website, was alleged by the Minister of Home Affairs, Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Albar to be â€Å"a threat to national security†. On 11 April 2001, he was suspected for allegedly plotting to subvert the former Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohammad and was arrested under ISA. Then he was released after 52 days and again arrested for second time due to further investigation. Sedition Act In 1948, the British colonial government enacted Sedition Act to fight with the Communists. The amendments were made through an Emergency Ordinance 1971 after the riots of 1969. The aim is to illegalize any questioning on Part III (citizenship), Article 152 (national language), Article 153 (Malays’ privilege and the rights of other races) and Article 181 (Rulers’ sovereignty of the Federal Constitution) (Freedom of Expression, 2010). This act empowers the ministers or police to detain everyone who has been found guilty for spreading seditious meanings or information which harm individuals, interest groups, societies and countries. Therefore, it limits the press freedom from publishing anything which seems like harming or threating the government officers. In history, the Sedition Act has been appealed against those critical of the government and the parliament members. Under this Act, if they found guilty, the parliament members can have their suspended parliamentary immunity. Over the years, many of them have been charged and found guilty under the Act. In 2009, the law has been played its role to arrest those who opposed to the Barisan National takeover of the Perak state government (Des Iskandar, 2014). To exemplify, University of Malaya law lecturer and columnist, Prof Dr. Azmi Sharom was charged under Sedition Act for his comments on the 2009 Perak constitutional crisis in an online news portal Malay Mail. He was arrested under Section 4(1) (b) which states officers who utters any seditious word will be fined for not exceeding RM5, 000 or imprisonment for not exceeding five years. Other than that, Malaysiakini online news portal journalist, Susan Loone also arrested under same act for publishing her phone interview with Penang executive councilor, Phee Boon Poh on the mass arrests of the states Voluntary Patrol Unit (PPS) on Merdeka Day since Phee is the EXCO who in charge of PPS. For the press, after the general election in 1999, PAS’s twice weekly party newspaper, Harakah editor Zulkifli Sulong and the printer Chea Lin Thye, owner of printing firm Syarikat Prema was arrested under Sediction Act for purposely publishing seditious material. Anwar’s lawyer, Karpal Singhwar also detained under the act because of allegedly seditious words in court. Conclusion Although our Malaysia is moving on to the developed-technology era with the rise of social media, most of the press still controlled and owned by the political parties or private sectors from different channels, either directly or indirectly. With the help of the social media, journalists still do not have the freedom to express what they really inform to tell the public. Therefore, the public seems like the frogs under the well who do not know what has happened to our government. Are they still practicing â€Å"transparency† and â€Å"accountability†? Do the government officers still doing something that we public do not know? Who can give us the answer? It is the journalists and the reporters! If the government still restrict the press freedom, what is the value of publishing newspaper daily? There are some suggestions to enhance the press freedom in our country. Cardinally, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of media ownership towards the publication and social media (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). Less media ownership’s attention help the news media to publish materials without concerning on the importance and the image of the private sector or political party but still need to obey the law enforcement as the responsibility of journalists. Furthermore, It is encouraged to invite new media actors enter the industry. It is crucial for new actors to provide alternative channels to express their opinions in an economically and socially-diverse society (Anil, 2002). Therefore, it able the public to think and comment on related issue with relevant examples and information critically. In a nutshell, promoting press freedom through the social media and mainstream media in our country is the most important and critical issue that the journalists should consider at the moment. Thus, we can develop an equal information flow and opinion between the government administration and the public.

Cyberschools: Education and Students

Over the years, technology has grown dramastically causing more schools to teach students over the web via Skype, video chats, and classroom discussions. Cyberschools are not for everyone, but it is an online school that allows students to take most or all their required courses online to obtain a diploma, certificate, or the proper training for a job. In this essay, I will argue the benefits of cyberschools creating a better learning environment and providing a better education to prepare students to be successful later in life. Cyberschools is an alternative to traditional school where students are allowed to just focus on their education without all the pressure coming from a traditional school. The growth of cyberschools is presented in the statistics, which â€Å"In 2008, 44 states offered significant online learning options for the estimated 1,030,000 students who are enrolled in online or blended full-time and supplemental courses. † This represents a growth of 47% since 2006 (Kowch, 2009). Cyberschools will create a better learning environment and provide a better education for students first, students can learn in the comfort of their own, or on the go without sitting in a room with all the distractions. For example, students that have parents in the military and that are deployed across seas, will not have to worry about missing assignments where they can go to any computer with internet access and complete that assignments and post to the discussion questions. Also, students do not have to worry about all the distractions that comes with traditional schools such as talking in class, bullies, and students coming to class late. Secondly, students have the options of choosing their program of choice and they have the flexibility when and where to take their courses, and how many hours they put into their studies. As well as, cyberschools allows students to work on their own time and at a pace that fit that student’s agenda. In the flexibility of cyberschools, it allows students if it is allowed by their instructors to work ahead in their courses. However, they do not have a set limit when they need to be in class during school. In addition, cyberschool would be great for professional students that have a job and have little time to set in a class setting in taking classes, which cyberschool provides the online learning that they need in completing their education without the middle man and distractions. Third, In cyberschools provides a better education and environment for students, is that the students can communicate with their instructors and classmates via e-mail or through their student portal without having to go a traditional school. Also, parents of students that are in pre-k and high schools attending cyberschools are more involved in their child’s education and they can keep track on how that student progress in their courses from day-to-day. Although, Cyberschools might not be for everyone, but it does have its benefits and advantages when it comes to students that have had a bad experience in traditional school from bullying and single parents that do not have babysitters, and professional students that want to go back to school, but do not have the time for taking courses in a class setting.

The 1960s Was A Time Of Great Development - 1655 Words

The 1960s was a time of great development. After the conformity and fear that controlled people in the 1950s, many people began breaking loose and acting out in ways never seen before. The 1950s brought the severe threat of nuclear war and fear of communism which caused extreme conformity. However, with the onset of the Cold War, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Vietnam War certain people were extremely determined to change the views of the world and stand up for what they believed in. One of the largest groups of individuals pushing for change were Hippies. Hippies were a unique group of young individuals who began to break out in their own ways in the country. They were the most extreme anti-conformists. They were the people of the†¦show more content†¦The clothing they wore was often loose-fitting and made out of natural fibers. Men and women let their hair grow long and used very few products for personal hygiene. Their style was alternative and holistic. The counterc ulture’s style was a way for the hippies to show their anti conformist views on life since they weren’t dressing the way the rest of the country was. The rest of the population was moving towards a more modern style of patterned outfits and brighter colors, while the hippies wore their baggy clothes made of natural products like hemp. As time went on, more and more people began to break away from society’s belief on how the population should act, especially the young adults. In 1968, scientist Lewis Yablonsky published a book where he stated about 400,000 people were members of the counterculture movement. The Vietnam War showed the crack which was the generation gap. Parents wanted young men going to fight for the country and believed it was their son’s duty to serve. The younger generation grew up differently and believed they had more options for themselves. These young people publicly disapproved of the war. Hippie people who participated in the move ment believed they should live their lives according to what they wanted and had a â€Å"if it feels good, do it† attitude. Hippies were anti war and anti conformity and the counterculture movement embraced new ideas on life and tried to find a bigger meaning. Their general ideas were love, personal

Discuss The Importance Of Ethics And Social Responsibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1481 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ethics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Ethics also known as moral is determined by the class of philosophy to addresses about morality i.e. concepts such as good vs. bad, right vs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Discuss The Importance Of Ethics And Social Responsibility" essay for you Create order wrong and matters of justice, love, peace and virtue. The term is used to indicate how individuals or organization choose to conduct themselves in relation to universal moral behavior and actions. Ethics involve choosing actions that are right and proper and just. The individual behaviour can be right or wrong, proper or improper and the managerial or individual decisions can be fair or unfair. Ethics are vital in businesses and all aspects of living. The foundation of society is built on Ethics. Without ethical principles a business/society is bound to be unsuccessful sooner or later. Business Ethics look at ethical philosophy , moral or ethical problems and deal with issues concerning the moral and ethical rights, duties and corporate authority between a corporation and its shareholders, workers, clients, media, government, provider and dealer. Ethics are connected to all discipline of organization including accounting information, human resource management, sales and marketing, fabrication, logical belongings information and talent, global business and financial system. Social responsibility can be defined as the responsibility of the organisation to operate in ways that provides both its individual benefit like making a profit and also the benefit of its stakeholders- those people and groups who are affected in one way or another by the behaviour of the organisation. For example, an industrial chemical plant has a responsibility not only towards its customers, but also towards the shareholders and the board of directors, and to those people who live in the surrounding area. This responsibility can be negative, meaning there is exemption from blame or liability, or it can be positive, meaning there is a responsibility to act beneficently. Lets take an another Example, in corporate company a chief executive make expenditures on reducing pollution beyond the amount that is in the best interests of the corporation or that is required by law in order to co ntribute to the social objective of improving the environment. There are lot many benefits to any organisation of being social responsible. First and foremost benefit to organization is that to ensure the customers, suppliers and the local community knows what you are doing. Publicity like this can be a key part of using CSR to win contracts. People want to buy from businesses they respect. Through this way your business reputation will be growing day by day and it encourage customers to stay with you and do business with your company. Compare and contrast the difference between ethics from a personal perspective to one established viewpoint of ethics from an organisational perspective. Personal perspective view of ethics Peoples lives are built on moral foundation of personal ethics. They support in conclusion making, guides people to contribute measures that helps to meet their inner moral principles. Ethics are used by people in solving problems in everyday life and also help for determining correct versus incorrect. Ethics are not absolute rules but they are developed during life based on range of factors. Defining personal ethics are a difficult venture for many people as they think their inner voice is all the ethical guidance they require. Perception plays a great role in what one finds ethical. By organisation view, ethics plays a vital role that defines the way of representation, way of talking, body language, attitude etc. The lack of personal ethics gives a negative response in managerial processes. For example, if a company is launching the product with risk taking, then the manager should be fully ensured with correct way of personal ethics, as the product may be failed to attract custo mer if marketing manager lacks in personal ethics. So, it is clear that personal ethics makes a man to take a right managerial decision. A standard way of understanding ethical decision-making is to understand the philosophical basis for making these decisions. People and organizations need each other.The written and unwritten codes of principles and morals that administer decisions and actions inside a business are known as Business Ethics. In the Corporate world, the organizations traditions sets principles for determining the differentiation involving excellent and dreadful judgment making and manners. Discuss four benefits and four disadvantages of social responsibility to an organisation. Benefits of social responsibility Providing good value for money If the management and workers of the organization are well social responsible for internal and external environment of the organization then it would result in best productivity and obviously the good image of the organization. The biggest power of the any organization among all resources is the human resource thats why if human resource is so well behaved with good ethical ways the value of any organization will be good enough. Broadening the futuristic concept of business If the organization is giving best output to the public demand satisfying their needs with latest trends and technology, it means that the business of the organization is good and as public response is excellent the organization would have better future aspects. This all happen due to the organizations social responsibility towards their employees and environment factors. Also workers stay longer if the business has high-quality status. For example, MC Donalds is giving best variety of food in hygienically manner, where all the perception of individual match such as price, food quality, taste etc. Their business is so good that we can find its outlet anywhere in the world. MC Donalds is popular because they are socially responsible to the environment and for their work. ÂÂ ·.Good relationships with local authorities help doing business easier. Disadvantages of social responsibility towards organisation Everything has some prons and crons, similar to social responsibility where so many people argued on the benefits and disadvantages of social responsibility. First the most important is that the organization is running for profit maximization mostly, the social responsibility shows the fundamental misconception of the character and nature of a free economy. Business functions are moreover economic rather than social if come to the practical way and it is judged by economic criteria alone. This point of view comes to the employees mind most of the time leading to not to concentrate much in their work which automatically results in bad productivity. The role of corporation is to make a profit and maximize social welfare through the efficiency of the employees. In some cases where employees are not much social responsible for the organization than it would be very difficult for the managers or corporation to do the best out of the work and lead the group, resulting in bad image of the organization and bad internal environment There is the concern for the efficient use of national resources, because of social costs; profitability is not necessarily the best measure of effectiveness which affects the organization goal. Lack of interest of the employees towards social responsible in their business also not good for the organization Competency sometimes makes the stake holders to go beyond the limit forgetting their social responsibility that harm the nature and organization too. Being socially responsible costs organisations money, and sometimes the bill is huge. Therefore the organization think to do for profit maximizing rather than be social responsible. Discuss social responsibility barriers that inhibit an organisation Barriers that inhabit an organization Social responsibility has certain costs. Its not the natural thing to be responsible. Greed and selfishness work against social responsibility. When greed and selfishness become higher values, social responsibility goes out the window. One of the problems with our culture is that we worship wealth. People who have a lot of money are heroes to us and we strive to emulate them. We see wealth and power as an indicator of merit and virtue. But people who are rich and want to be richer, and corporate and industrial leaders whose jobs are to put the prosperity of their companies at the top of their priorities, often trivialize social responsibility, and this sets the tone for the whole culture. In social responsibility every individual in the organisation is not social responsible towards the work, it depends upon the people behaviour and motivation level within the organisation. Today every people think about wealth rather than social responsibility that they possess towards the organis ation. This is the barrier in the organisation. For e.g.:- in an organisation if certain facility is lacking for the staff then staff will suffer and this management must be think which in reality they dont. This lacking of facility may affect the work out going on within the organisation. Flow of information in the organisation should be well enough to avoid any conflicts between the staff but it arises due to the problems that every employee are not social responsible. A vendor to the company first think towards the money he/she will get from doing particular kind of work.

The Death Penalty Is Wrong And Inhumane Essay - 1170 Words

The notion of sentencing another human being to death is difficult to completely comprehend. The physical procedure involved in the act of execution are easy to grasp, but the emotions involved in carrying out a death sentence on another person, regardless of how much they deserve it, is beyond comprehension. This act has been critiqued by many people from all around the world and it is our responsibility as a society to see that capital punishment is wrong and inhumane. Some oppositions to the death penalty include racial bias in death sentencing, capital punishment is irreversible, capital punishment costs more than incarceration, and poor quality defense leaves many sentenced to death. Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the notion of legal authorization of killing a person as punishment for a crime they have committed. The first established death penalty laws dates back as far as the â€Å"Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon†, which categorized the death penalty for twenty-five diverse wrongdoings (Part I: History of the Death Penalty.). The death penalty was also part of the â€Å"Fourteenth Century B.C. s Hittite Code; in the Seventh Century B.C. s Draconian Code of Athens†, which made death the only punishment for all misconducts; and in the â€Å"Fifth Century B.C. s Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets† (Part I: History of the Death Penalty.). Death sentences were carried out by such means as crucifixion, drowning, beating toShow MoreRelatedDeath Penalty Inhumane1011 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. The death penalty is a concerning factor around the world, because killing a person goes against basis moral law. 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How do you know when a crime is punishable by death or not? â€Å"A popular bumper sticker says, ‘We kill pe ople to show people that killing people is wrong’† (Carmical). This slogan misses the idea that the death penalty does not chastise people for killing, but for murder. Murder is the purposeful action of killing another humanRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty790 Words   |  4 PagesMurphy Death Penalty Capital punishment is defined as the legal killing of a human being as a punishment to an immoral crime. People who are charged with the death penalty tend to do cruel and harmful crimes of murder, homicide, and/or rape. The process of the death penalty and capital punishment has many flaws in its system. Often times people who are completely innocent of the charged crime get sentenced to the death penalty. The true criminal is often timesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not The Answer865 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty is a widespread controversial issue. The Criminal Justice System is the real assassin; death is not the answer. It is unconstitutional. It isn t moral to execute humans. The death penalty is a cruel punishment; it treats humans as inanimate objects that are to be toyed with. The death penalty should be outlawed. States that allow the death penalty don t have lower crime rates, so obviously people don t care that death could be their punishment. So what p roblem is this solvingRead MoreIntroduction Of The Death Penalty Debate1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to the Death Penalty Debate It was said by an Iowa State Supreme Court justice in the 1840s, â€Å"Crime indicates a diseased mind in the same manner that sickness and pain do a diseased body. And as in the one case we provide hospitals for the treatment of severe and contagious diseases, so in the other, prisons and asylums should be provided for similar reasons† (Banner, 2002, p.118). Individuals who have committed crimes serve their sentences and punishments, or are â€Å"treated†, in prisonsRead MoreDeath Penalty Argument Essay683 Words   |  3 PagesThe Death Penalty A society operates around communities of people who work together and do their part to form a functional place to live. Many people benefit from others throughout society without even knowing it. Society functions and benefits from people doing their part to keep our community safe and people benefit from society as well, but there is an exception. Criminals who have committed a crime that has placed them in prison for the rest of their life, without the possibility of paroleRead MoreDeath to the Death Penalty1025 Words   |  5 Pagesany other human being, and this is where the nations that apply the death penalty are failing (Source 1). The death penalty or capital punishment is a legal process in which a person is executed as a punishment for committing a crime. It is still used in over 50 nations worldwide. Centuries before the Universal Declaration of Human Rights existed, important civilizations such as the Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman Empires used death to punish criminals for their actions. It was such an important issueRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Humane Or Inhumane Form Of Justice1731 Words   |  7 PagesThis is where the death penalty issue comes into play. The death penalty has been around for thousands of years and, compared to the past, has changed dramatically. For example, people used to be publically tortured and then executed in front of anyone who wanted to see unlike today, the most common practice used is the lethal injection. Yet, many people wonder whether capital punishment is a humane or inhumane form of justice. So, should all states implement the death penalty to reduce violent crimes

Meditation Free Essays

Meditation is believed to have originated from the followers of Buddhism.   Buddhist teaching of Nirvana or the end of suffering may be attained by cultivating within oneself the values of morality, mindfulness and wisdom.   The means to Mindfulness is through Meditation, the ancient Buddhist ritual. We will write a custom essay sample on Meditation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meditation has been with the world for thousands of years.   It has evolved from its spiritual origin and is practiced today for health, therapeutic and wellness reasons as well.   They have several techniques like, Breathing, Transforming, and Transcendental.  Ã‚   The basic components that must be present in meditation are:   a quiet place, a relaxed posture, deep concentration, and open mind. Apart from the religious relevance of Meditation, it also has its practical importance in our modern and daily existence.  Ã‚   Life these days can be so rushed.   Most of the time, our energy is sapped and we are over-fatigued.   We work more, relax less.   Our health can be negatively affected.   If we stop for a few minutes and do Breathing Meditation we will calm our nerves and reduce our stress. Meditation helps change mental attitudes.   When our minds are troubled, we are generally unhappy.   With Transforming Meditation we focus on pleasant thoughts and become individuals with peaceful and happy dispositions.   Transforming Meditation is a common spiritual exercise of the Buddhist religion. Worldly concerns fill our minds with worries.   We need to relieve our minds with this mental garbage and unwanted burden.   Then and only then will we truly be liberated and in the process find peace of mind and gladness of heart.   Even if we have the best things in life, these Page 2 3/31/2017 would not necessarily make us happy.   It would be inner calm and quiet that would make for lasting and real joy, even in the most challenged situations.   Such state could be attained if we are trained in the ways of Meditation. Controlling the mind is difficult.   The mind is pliant that it goes with the flow of circumstances.   When everything goes the way we want them to go, then we are pleased.   If it is contrary to how we want things to be, we feel bad.   These things, pleasant and unpleasant, affect our disposition in life.   Our being happy or sad depends on the occurrences in our daily existence.   With Meditation we will learn to control our mind and consequently our heart, the seat of our emotions.   Meditation creates an inner balance in us and it enables us to take both the difficult and smooth times with equanimity. Meditation drives away negative attitudes that cause us misery.   When we resort to meditation as a routine we train our minds to focus on the positive.   This way, we always see the bright side of life. Most wellness clinics promote the practice of Meditation.   Wellness through Meditation relaxes the body, calms the mind and soothes the soul to combat diseases and illness.   Research is also ongoing to find conclusive health benefits of Meditation.   They are optimistic that Mediation may help find cures for certain diseases and medical conditions.   â€Å"Meditation for health purposes is a mind-body practice in complimentary and alternative medicine†¦..   There are many types of Meditation.   A conscious mental process using certain techniques, such as focusing attention or maintaining a specific posture – to suspend the stream of thoughts and relax the mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (NCCAM, 2007). As an alternative and complement to conventional medicine, Meditation may be used to heal mind and body maladies.   Health and medical practitioners study the relationship of man’s brain, mind, body and his behavior and their reactions to each other.   They are hoping to use the mind to influence the other body functions.   Some health problems are caused or associated with the emotional, mental, social, spiritual and behavioral state of the individual.   Examples of these ailments are:   anxiety, pain, depression, low self-esteem, mood swings, stress, insomnia and the physical and emotional pain of heart diseases, HIV/AIDS and cancer. Meditation helps patients handle their medical condition better through awareness and acceptance.   While meditating, a person concentrates on his body experience minus the distractions.     Ã‚  The person is allowed to experience the sensation without the deductive reaction.   The body is allowed to calm down, rest and relax. Managing stress, ability to cope, and therapeutic relaxation complement cure for disorders accompanied by pain like arthritis.   In other cases and disorders, prior to surgery, patients are made to undergo relaxation procedures that may lessen pain and shorten recovery time.   Studies continue to find how mind-body interventions may be applied to the psychological part of treating patients with chronic ailments and as well as that in need of palliative care. Meditation is many things to many people, a practice that has been handed down through generations.   It promotes the concept of mind power in combating ailments, in de-stressing, in enhancing one’s spirituality, conquering pain, training the mind and heart to things positive, and self-healing.   The benefits of meditation extend from the spiritual, mental, psychological to the physical circumstances of people.   They have calm, happy, positive and healthy outlook in life. Generally, meditators were transformed and have transcended. References Dharma. (2007). Meditation and Mental Culture.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 Dharma. (2007). The Noble Eight-fold Path.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://dharma.nef.ca/introduction/truths/NobleTruth-4html How to Meditate.Org. (2002-2003). How to Meditate.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://www.how-to-meditate.org/ NCCAM. (2007, August 22). Meditation.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/ NCCAM. (2007, August 3). Meditation for Health Purposes. Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htm NCCAM. (2007, July 13). Mind-Body Medicine: An Overview. Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/mindbody.htm          How to cite Meditation, Essay examples

Dissertation Interim Report Case Study of Contour Global Company

Question: Discuss about the Dissertation Interim Report for the Case Study of Contour Global Company. Answer: Introduction Management structure refers to the process of authority distribution within an organization. According to Ashkenas et al. (2015), management of an organization determines the structure according to the business process. An appropriate organizational structure helps an organization to communicate with the internal and external stakeholders effectively. Here, a literature review has been conducted in order to evaluate the process of management structure enhancement in contemporary organizations. In case of large-scale organizations, it is highly important to maintain communication flow within the company. It ensures high productivity and good communication with the external environment of the company. As opined by Rosenberg and Keller (2016), there are different organizational structures such as entrepreneurial, bureaucratic, professional, divisional and innovative. All these structures have different purpose and the selection of organizational structure depends on the process that the company follows. In order to improve or change the organizational structure, there is a range of strategies that could be implemented. On the other hand, Joseph, Klingebiel and Wilson (2016) argued that the process of structure enhancement is delicate and it can affect people within the organization. In case of restructuring, an organization needs to delegate responsibilities and change job role of the higher and lower level staffs according to the requirements. The process of restructuring is time-consuming and involves many risk factors. Lee, Kozlenkova and Palmatier (2015) stated that the process of restructuring is none other than a change management process. In order to bring organizational change, management needs to follow a systematic process. The first step of this process would be creating urgency for a change. Proper communication with the employees needs to be established before implementing the change. From the evaluation of previous researchers, it has been noted that employees must agree with the proposed change before initiating the process. Otherwise, an organization may face a diverse situation of high employee attrition. While on the other hand, Kopp (2016) mentioned that organizational structure depends on the business process. In this changing market environment, consumers needs and expectation are changing rapidly. Therefore, companies need to hire staffs for satisfying the same. It has a wide impact on job responsibility of the existing staffs in an organization. Therefore, restructuring the stru cture is becoming the globally-acknowledge strategy among the global organizations. Concept of Enterprise Management Structure According to Hashemi (2016), enterprise management structure is known as the authority hierarchy within the organization. The flow of authority determines the roles and responsibility of both higher and lower level employees of an organization. Additionally, Morris Tod and Oliver (2015) said that an effective management structure helps to outline the roles and responsibilities of top management and lower level employees as well. In a hierarchical management structure, employees need to report to their higher authority in order to ensure communication flow. In case of large-scale organizations, the management structure determines by its regions. For example, Procter Gamble has a wide range of products and operating markets. Therefore, the company has its unique managerial structure for different regions and products line. There are several organization structures such as Functional structure and divisional structure, which define an organization according to their operational processes. Ashkenas, Ulrich, Jick and Kerr (2015) pointed out while describing a functional structure that in top management, CEO or the managing director takes the responsibility of decision-making. The second level managers are responsible for monitoring performance of allocated regions, and the line managers are responsible for monitoring the performance of the employees. The process defines have been adopted by a range of organizations in the global market. However, Ocasio and Radoynovska (2016) argued that there are certain factors that infffluence an organization to change the structural format of the organization. This could be changing needs and demands of the customers, which may influence an organization to bring change in organizational structure. Moreover, Ashkenas et al. (2015) stated that internal factors could also tend an organization to change the organizational structure. Organizational management refers to the structure that an organization creates. It illustrates different departments within the organization along with position and responsibilities of both higher and lower level employees. It also describes the position that employees hold. Additionally, the organizational structure represents the communication approach between the departments. Da Fonseca, Silva and Menezes (2015) mentioned that the Human Resource team of an organization is responsible for maintaining the structure of the entire organization. However, Rosenberg and Keller (2016) argued that the management delegates the responsibilities to the Human Resource team. Therefore, it can be said that the management has to be responsible for setting structural behavior. When it comes to the organizational culture, it defines how an organization behaves while managing people. Apart from that, it also describes how the people with in an organization deal with conflicts and other internal factors (Joseph, Klingebiel Wilson, 2016). Depending on the cultural factors, management needs to understand the most appropriate structure. A structural change should be identified as globally acknowledged before the final implementation. In order to achieve organizational goals and objectives, it is highly important to implement a team-working environment. Here, it is highly important to improve the management structure in order to delegate responsibilities among the employees. Varpio et al. (2016) have stated that the managers of an organization should have a proper understanding of what they are responsible. The proper understanding would help the managers to lead the subordinates in an efficient manner. The structure should be well designed, and it is required to be maintained in order to improve performance quality. According to Islam, Jasimuddin and Hasan (2015), in the contemporary business environment, organizations may require changing the structure as per requirements. Therefore, it can be said that change management is one of the major aspects that contemporary organizations should consider for gaining success. In change management, the organizations need to promote the need for the change in the first step . Furthermore, Wu (2015) mentioned that the management should create urgency for the proposed change in order to increase its importance. The managers and other employees should have adequate knowledge about the reason behind this decision on change. In management structure, the board of directors has the full control over organizational decision-making. Apart from that, the board of directors has the authority to create strategies for achieving the goals and objectives. Concept of restructuring tool Restructuring tool refers to the process of changing organizational structure. It helps to enhance the management structure of an organization. As stated by Fisher, Campbell and Svendsen (2012), this process helps to rebuild the responsibilities of different level of employees within an organization. In restructuring process, management of an organization introduces new job role and responsibilities for both higher and lower level employees. The overall process defines the way in which the personnel of an organization should behave (Cosh, Fu Hughes, 2012). The overall organizational behavior and culture deepen of the structural framework of an organization. Organizational structure refers to the flow of authority within an organization. On the other hand, restructuring is a process through which the flow of authority can be change. There is two impacts of restructuring tool in an organization such as leadership change and cultural change. The leaders within an organization should ha ve a clear understanding of the organizational structure. They should examine the structure continuously in order to respond to certain change. On the other hand, the employees should be ready to accept continuous change in order to improve organizational function. Restructuring helps to empower performance quality of the employees in an efficient manner. In this strategy, leaders can appraise an employee by increasing post. Increasing responsibility of an employee is known as a motivational tool. On the other hand, restructuring can also change the entire responsibility of an employee. It might hamper motivation of an employee, or it can reduce overall organizational productivity. There are different tools for improving organizational structure. An organization can introduce training and development process for increasing performance of the workforce (Cavusgil et al., 2014). Here, the company would be able to increase communication within the organization. However, it would be diff icult for the organization to respond to the external environment. The external environment is changing rapidly, and therefore, it has become important to improve the structure in order to gain superiority in the market. Importance of organizational structure In this competitive age, it is highly important to ensure healthy communication with both internal and external stakeholders. Joseph, Klingebiel and Wilson (2016) mentioned that management of an organization defines its structure in order to ensure that each level of employee is well aware of their responsibilities. Apart from that, a well-designed structure helps the employees to understand how and to whom information needs to be delivered. The existing literature shows that todays business environment is diversified and influenced by different external and internal factors. For example, competition is one of the major external factors that may influence an organization to bring change in its structural format. Alvesson and Sveningsson (2015) opined that in case of small organizations, the workforce strength is weak in contrast to the large organizations. Now, considering the employee strength of mall scale organizations, it is highly important to define roles and responsibilities o f every employee (Strese et al., 2016). The process of structuring organizational authority is less challenging for the small-scale organizations. On the other hand, Ohlsson, Han and Hultin (2016) have stated that in case of large-scale organizations, management needs to pay close attention to the employees skills and abilities before defining responsibility. Understanding the business operations and employees skills would help an organization to reduce the excessive workload of the employees. In this manner, it is possible to increase the motivation of the workforce as well overall organizational performance. In order to ensure high performance, management of an organization needs to monitor the performance of the workforce efficiently. In that case, a strong management is required. It would help to address every possible issue of the workforce. In case of contemporary organizations, management is paying close attention to the organizational structure rather than skill management, technology, economic and natural resources. According to Zhang, Chen and Liu (2016), the major reason of business failure has been identified from the literature review is poor management structure. Nowadays, organizations are restructuring their structure in order to delegate responsibilities among the workforce. Apart from that, the aim of restructuring management structure is to build a coordinative working culture, which can help to address probable challenges faced by the employees. In case of large-scale organizations, it is highly important to improve organizational structure. The structure of the organization defines the way in which an organization should respond to market changes. The structure should be flexible enough in order to respond to the market changes. It helps to perform accordingly with the environmental changes. Moreover, structure defines the responsibilities of the workforce in every stages and phases. When it comes to the restructuring process, it changes the responsibilities of the employees at every level. In case, if the organization has changed the business process or has expanded the business processes, it is highly important to make changes in the current structure. The company could also recruit employees in order to initiate the changes process. However, in case of changing the current process, it would be beneficial to change responsibilities of the existing employees. Recruiting new employees for a new process would increase organi zational cost, which will directly affect organizational profitability negatively. Therefore, it can be said that organizational structure is the major factor that management of an organization should consider as the key success factor. In this competitive market, contemporary businesses are facing diverse situation due to changing external environment. In this changing external environment, people within the organization should communicate with the higher authority in order to gain a positive outcome. In order to delegate responsibilities among the workforce, it is highly important to have an appropriate management structure. The management should have good command on the organization in order to achieve objectives. Therefore, it can be said that the structure of an organization has a wide impact on organizational profitability and development. In case of Greenfield method, an organization needs to understand the external environment of the targeted country. The organizational stru cture needs to be defined as per the environmental factors that would affect business sustainability. Factors affect organizational structure As stated by Morris, Tod and Oliver (2015), there are both internal and external factors that affect organizational structures. The major factor is market competition, which influences the organizations to implement efficient strategies. Apart from that, changing needs and expectation of the consumers is another reason, which tends the companies to change organizational structure. Additionally, the external market forces or the business environment has a wide impact on the organizational structure. In case of small organizations, the need of strong structural format is lesser than large-scale organizations. In small businesses, there is low employee strength, and therefore, management of such organizations needs to focus on task delegation. On the other hand, Strese et al. (2016) have mentioned that large-scale organizations need to manage their workforce along with task delegation. Apart from that, communication is the vital factor for the large-scale organizations. Therefore, manag ement of such organizations needs to implement efficient organizational structure. Following are the factors that affect the structure of an organization. Organizational Size: According to Bellini, Pereira and Becker (2016), organizational size refers to the employee strength and operation area of an organization. Small organizations do not have large employee strength, as the company is operating in the small geographical area. Therefore, the management of such organizations needs to focus on short-term benefits rather than management structure. On the other hand, Ashkenas et al. (2015) mentioned that a large-scale organization has wide operating area and strong employee strength. In such organizations, it is highly important to determine the management structure along with the employees roles and responsibilities. Apart from that, this kind of organizations needs more managers and supervisors in order to ensure high performance. Now, the factor influence to change organizational structure is globalization. In order to expand business in the international market, a small-scale organization needs to change its current organizational st ructure. International expansion, on the other hand, depends on the external market forces. In order expand business in the international market; an organization should understand the cultural background of the targeted country. The company should further recruit new workforce and delegate the responsibilities according to the requirements. Moreover, the company can increase responsibilities of the existing managers for monitoring both the domestic and international business. Here, the managers authority increases, which means restructuring responsibilities of the workforce is another form of restructuring organizational. Business Strategy: Rosenberg and Keller (2016) have stated that in this competitive market, organizations need to response to the competitors strategy quickly. Therefore, large organizations have smaller structures, which help the organizations to accept change in environmental change. Therefore, it can be said that business strategies are the major factor, which influences the organizations to change the organizational structure. In order to gain superiority in a competitive market, it is highly important to adopt an innovative strategy (Joseph, Klingebiel Wilson, 2016). Implementing new business strategy may affect roles and responsibilities of the workforce. In such situation, organizations improve the structure with efficient management structuring tools. Restructuring tool helps to change or modify responsibilities of all level employees within an organization. Apart from that, this process also helps to improve the ability of management for monitoring performance of the workfo rce. Implementing a new business strategy refers to the process of introducing innovative ideas for business improvement. The strategy implementation depends on the employees performance and managerial capabilities. Therefore, restructuring process could help the managers to increase responsibilities of the managers so that they can get a good grip among the workforce. Additionally, it would help to increase responsibilities of the workforce, so that they can achieve objectives within the preferred deadline. Business environment: The external business environment is rapidly changing. Large-scale businesses need to consider the external factors such as market competition, governments policies or social changes among the target market (Lee, Kozlenkova and Palmatier, 2015). Therefore, it is highly important to change organizational processes according to the changing external environment. It influences the organizations to restructure the organizational culture by changing roles and responsibilities of the workforce and managers as well. In this changing environment, internalization is one of the most important strategies. Therefore, restructuring process can be used for improving organizational structure. In internationalization, organizations can modify the structure according to the requirements of the external environment. In case of merging with other organization, both the organizations need to bring change in the workforce. For example, the companies might need to increase or decreas e the employee strength after merging. It helps both the companies to increase financial efficiency. Business environment depends on the financial, political environmental and social factors. In case of changing political stability of a country or in changing the economy of a country, an organization would require changing the organizational structure through the restructuring process. This process would help to improve the overall performance of the company without increasing investment. Apart from that, business environment may change due to increasing or decreasing product demand among the target market. In such situations, an organization can restructure the management structure for increasing organizational productivity. Technology: In order to gain superiority in a competitive market, organizations are adopting innovative technologies. Therefore, it is becoming highly important for the organizations to improve performance quality of the workforce (Rosenberg Keller, 2016). In this scenario, responsibilities of the employee's increases and create importance of organizational structure. The introduction of technological innovation influences the organizations to make changes in organizational structure. In such situations, organizations need to increase responsibilities of the higher-level managers. The managers are solely responsible for leading the change towards success (Strese et al., 2016). Apart from that, the management needs to implement training and development sessions for increasing performance quality of the workforce. Moreover, the employees should understand the urgency of the change in an appropriate manner. Therefore, organizations need to employ managers for increasing the urgency of the change. Communication pattern needs to be changed in order to achieve the change process (Wilensky, 2015). Here, organizations tend to change the organizational structure by increasing responsibilities of human resource department. Restructuring process as a tool of Enterprise Management Structure Optimization According to Kopp (2016), the contemporary organizations have adopted restructuring as the tool of management structure improvement. In this process, organizations are initiating change management process for changing the current organizational structure. The purpose of changing the organizational structure is to gain superiority in a competitive market. Additionally, changing the organizational structure helps an organization to change the entire operational process in an effective manner. There are different strategies for improving organizational structure. For example, an organization can build a management team for monitoring the performance of the organization, or an organization can recruit new employees for a new job position. However, Hashemi (2016) argued that the most efficient and globally acknowledged strategy is restructuring. This strategy helps an organization to conduct internal recruitment while changing the organizational structure (Morris, Tod Oliver, 2015). For example, an organization can change responsibilities of the employees while restructuring the structure. This process helps an organization to empower motivation of the workforce in an effective manner. Employees may not accept the changed responsibility, or they may not be able to fulfill requirements of the new responsibility. Therefore, large-scale organizations should invest for implementing training and development process. It could help the employees to increase their knowledge and skill for the newly appointed responsibility. In case of other strategies of structure improvement, employees may face motivational issues. Small organizations conduct external recruitment for a new position. On the other hand, Varpio et al., (2016) mentioned that large-scale organizations change responsibilities of the existing employees and ensure that employees have accepted the change. In order to conduct an efficient change management, the organizations should communicate with the workforce before taking any final decision. In this competitive era, employee retention is the major concern for the organizations. Therefore, it is highly important to ensure the acceptance rate for the planned change. Apart from that, Ashkenas et al. (2015) opined that organizations measures skills of the workforce before changing their responsibilities. Task delegation is the major concern while restructuring organizational management. This process further helps to provide an increment to the existing employees. Increasing responsibilities of t he employees help an organization to increase motivation level of the workforce. It ensures that the workforce would be able to grow their professional career in an effective manner. The purpose behind restructuring the organizational structure is to reduce the organizational cost. Research shows that the restructuring process can be used in order to adopt lean management. Changing responsibilities of the workforce can minimize organizational lose and therefore, cost cutting can be a purpose of implementing this strategy. Apart from that, this strategy would help while merging with another organization. Here, the company needs to understand the cultural background of the targeted company and restructure the management according to the requirements. According to the previous studies, restructuring is the process through which an organization can fight external environmental issues again in the global market. For example, merger strategy has been recognized as the most profitable strategy for the global organizations. Therefore, the primary activity for those organizations implemented the strategy for merging with another company. On the other hand, the acquisition is another strategy for business internationalization. In this strategy, an organization needs to understand the cultural background of the targeted country. The labor market law and employment legislations are the external factors that influence the organizations to implement restructuring process. The employment law depends on the governmental policies and procedures. Therefore, an organization should adopt the organizational structure of the targeted country in order to increase employee retention. In order to conduct sustainable business, it is highly important to comply with the policies and procedures of government. Therefore, restructuring is the most relevant strategy for enhancing organizational or management structure as well as for complying with governmental legislations. Restructuring tool can be used while merging with another company. In that case, an organization can cut down their employee strength in order to fit within the targeted organization. When two organizations decide to merge up, it is highly important to cut down employee strength for the betterment of the company. Here, the company may decide to change job role of the workforce according to the requirements. Therefore, it can be said that the overall process is flexible enough for mitigating the probable issues within the organizations. In this process, it is possible to improve the performance of the overall organization. Employees with high wages and low responsibility can be identified in this process. Management of an organization can reduce or increase responsibilities of employees in order to reduce organizational cost. In traditional process of organizational structure, the overall process was very fragile. The performance monitoring ability of such structures was low in contrast with the contemporary practice of organizational structure. Therefore, organizations have adopted restructuring approach while improving management structure. Apart from that, the structural framework of an organization defines its functionality (Varpio et al., 2016). The more an organization strengthens its structural framework, the more it would be easy for the company to respond in a diverse situation. Nowadays, organizations have developed a flexible structural framework, which can be changed based on environmental requirements. Restructuring tool helps the companies to change the organizational culture continuously. However, changing the organizational culture continuously can be harmful to organizations. It might harm employee retention of an organization negatively. Impact of organizational structure on business sustainability When it comes to business sustainability, it has been noted that majority of the organizations are implementing random strategies in order to survive in the competitive market. Now, the internal management structure is the major factor, which influences business success. The organizational structure of large-scale organizations has a wide impact on its business sustainability and development (Ocasio Radoynovska, 2016). In order to response to the changing business environment, it is highly important to change the business strategies. Now, bringing changes in business strategies require a changed organizational structure. The organizational structure influences internal and external communication of an organization. An effective organizational culture helps to maintain information flow of an organization. Therefore, it can be said that an effective organizational structure helps a company to achieve overall goals and objectives. The need for changing organizational structure occurs w hen the organizational performance deteriorates. Organizational structure refers to the authority distribution among the organization. In order to improve the organizational processes, it is highly important to modify responsibilities of the workforce accordingly. Apart from that, the company needs to understand the need to restructuring before implementing any strategies. Restructuring the structure would have a negative impact on the business sustainability of an organization (Islam, Jasimuddin Hasan, 2015). The organizational structure defines the way in which an organization communicates within the organization. Changing the structure would affect the communication flow of an organization. For example, changing responsibilities and authority of the workforce have a wide impact on the communication structure as well as the communication flow within the organization. The reporting authority of the lower level employees can be change or remain same, but the overall process and need of information flow would change massively. Now, organizational communication has a direct impact on external communication. In order to conduct sustainable business, an organization should communicate with the external stakeholders in an appropriate manner (Wu, 2015). Therefore, it is highly important for an organization to ensure that external employees are getting appropriate information in an accurate flow. Model of change management Kotter's 8-Step Change Model In order to improve the organizational structure, it is highly important to implement an efficient change management plan. The Kotter's 8-Step Change Model is a management framework, which helps to implement a change management within the organization. This model has an eight-step chronological process, which helps to implement and maintain change within the organization. Following are the evaluation of the in this model. Create urgency: In order to change organizational structure, management of an organization should create urgency for the proposed change. It helps the management to convey the importance of the change among the workforce. In order to gain successful outcome, it is highly important to encourage the workforce to accept the change. In that case, communication is the key factor, which an organization should maintain before implementing the change (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). Here, the management should communicate with the employees in order to explain the need for the change. The management should not just discuss individuals performance. Instead, the management should explain the way the organization could exploit opportunities after implementing the change in organizational structure. Formation of the coalition: After building the urgency for a change, management of the organization should convince the people that the change in necessary. Here, strong leadership would be the key factor, which may help the management to take support from the key people within the organization (Bellini et al., 2016). In this step, an organization needs to communicate with the employees for emotional commitments. Bringing change in organizational structure is not an easy process. Here, an organization should build cohesive team effort in order to gain a successful outcome. Creating Vision: In order to lead the change successfully, leaders should build a strong vision. It would help the employees to understand the aim of the organization. The employees are responsible for implementation of the strategies (Hashemi, 2016). Therefore, clear vision is important for increasing awareness about the proposed change. Communication: In order to change the structure successfully, an organization should communicate with all level of employees in an appropriate manner. It would help the organization to convey the overall vision for the proposed change. Remove obstacles: In change management, obstacles could appear at any stage. Therefore, the leaders should monitor the overall process while leading the change (Joseph, Klingebiel Wilson, 2016). The management should monitor the performance of the workforce in order to ensure that the workforce is successfully achieving their objectives. Short-term wins: Motivation is the major factor that would help to enhance organizational performance. Therefore, the leaders should celebrate for short-term benefits in order to empower performance quality of the workforce. Apart from that, managers should empower motivation of the workforce for achieving short-term objectives. Build the change: This is the final step of Kotter's 8-Step Change Model, which ensures that the changed process is effective for the organization. Here, the organization should not celebrate short-term achievement (Kopp, 2016). The change in organizational structure needs to be examined for long-term basis in order to examine its effectiveness. Type of organizational structure and advantages As stated by Joseph, Klingebiel and Wilson (2016), there are different types of organizational structures such as the traditional hierarchy, flatter organizations and flat organizational structure. In traditional hierarchical structure, management of an organization undertakes top-down approach. In this kind of organizations, the board of directors defines organizational strategies. The second level authorities of these organizations are CEO and first line managers. The managers in this authority monitor activities of the regional managers. The regional managers of this kind of organizations supervise the workforce. These managers are responsible for communicating with both the regional managers and employees within the organization (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). In traditional hierarchical structure, employees can communicate with the top management and the top management can communicate with the lower level employees. Therefore, it can be said that this kind of organizational struc ture helps to build strong communication flow within the organization. In flat organizational structure, people with high experience play the role of supervisor. In this kind of organizations, the employees are responsible for reporting to the supervisors directly. As per the viewpoint of Ohlsson, Han and Hultin (2016), the top management of this kind of organization can communicate with the lower level employees as per requirements. The top-down approach of this kind of organization helps to maintain good information flow within the organization. Moreover, this kind of organizations encourages teamwork, where a group of people is responsible for achieving a set of objectives. In flat organizations, the structure tends to be weak at times, but it would help the organizations to react to certain environmental changes. Companies with flat structure would be able to change their structure easily. However, Zhang, Chen and Liu (2016) mentioned that there are certain challenges that would affect the business sustainability of flat organizations. A sudden chan ge in external environment would influence an organization to improve the organizational structure. It would be difficult for a flat organization to restructure the current structure within a short time. In todays competitive business world, every organization follows a particular set of objectives or goals in order to achieve the established targets and organizational structure helps to hinder the progress of accomplishing the goals. Both large and small organization can gain a higher level of sales revenue with employing appropriate organizational structure. There are basic organizational structures, such as divisional, matrix and functional, which determine the ultimate success of the organizations in the specific marketplace (Fisher et al. 2012). The functional structure of an organization involves each portion of the concerned company, which grouped in order to fulfill its fundamental purpose of continuing business operations. A functional organizational structure includes marketing department, production department, and sales department and this type of organizational structure perform well in small organizations. In small organizations, there are few departments and this parti cular organizational structure helps to maintain integration among the existing departments for undertaking suitable decisions for the success of the organization. The functional organizational structure also supports the talent, knowledge, and skill of every associated employee of the organization (Cosh et al. 2012). However, there are also drawbacks and flaws of the functional organizational structure as it limits the communication and coordination in between various departments of the organization. Divisional structure is employed within the larger organizations, which is capable enough to operate its business operations in a vast range of geographic area or a small company, which operates its functions under a group in order to cover several types of offered products in the marketplace. As the scope, possibility and size of the divisional organizational structure are huge. Therefore, it is costly. However, even the small companies also can employ divisional organizational structure on the basis of smaller scale, which has different offices. Matrix organizational structure suggests a hybrid of functional and divisional organizational structure (Cavusgil et al. 2014). Mainly the large multinational companies incorporate matrix organizational structures as it allows the facilities of functional and divisional organizational structure for continuing the business operation in a particular industry. For instance, Woolworths, a famous supermarket retail chain in Australia follows mat rix organizational structure in order to maintain its business activities for holding the best position in the retail industry of Australia and expanding its business in a global manner. As a matrix, organizational structure has the potentiality to generate the struggles of power, as it possesses dual management. Similarly, Woolworths engages various managers for every department such as for function department, production department, division department and marketing department. Hao et al. (2012) have mentioned that there are some formal organizational structures, which involves line organizational structure, committee organizational structure, project organizational structure. Line organizational structure suggests a vertical relationship in between various level of the organization. In this type of organizational structure, only the line department of an organization is the responsible to attain the targeted goal of the organization. Coles, a retail supermarket chain in Australia depends on its line organizational structure, which involves the entire marketing and production department of the company and the higher authority follows the basic chain of command. Gap of literature After reviewing the existing literature, it has been noted that different types of organizations have adopted different structures in order to achieve organizational objectives. The need of restructuring has been identifying through the literature review. Apart from that, a range of strategies has been evaluated for improving the traditional structure of contemporary organizations. However, the study would be more effective with an extensive study on industry specific research. The need of organizational structure depends on the type of organization and its operation. Therefore, it would be beneficial to conduct a study on industry specific literature. Moreover, the external market forces have been evaluated, which may affect the organizational structure. In order to understand the effectiveness of restructuring, it would be better to evaluate other strategies for improving enterprise management structure. Summary Organizational structure refers to the process through which an organization defines authority and flow of communication. In current business environment, organizations are paying close attention to the change in external environment. It helps the organizations to response in competitors activities. In order to gain superiority in a competitive market, it is highly important to improve organizational structure according to the requirements. From the literature review, it has been noted that there are certain factors that tend the organizations to change or improve structure. For example, market competition is a factor that may influence the organization to adopt product or service diversity. Here, the company needs to change or improve the structure in order to ensure success. Restructuring is a tool for management structure enhancement. This tool helps organizations to conduct change thin the organization. Successful implantation of restructuring would help an organization to empowe r skills and the ability of the employees. Apart from that, changing responsibilities of the workforce would help to motivate the employees in an efficient manner. The overall analysis shows that restructuring is a globally-acknowledged process, which improves organizational efficiency and profitability in an effective manner. Chapter 3: Research Methodology Introduction In order to conduct this study, a primary research method has been chosen. Qualitative approach has been chosen in order to gather authentic information from the target population. In order to gather data, interviews has been conducted with different level managers of Contour Global Company. In this chapter, justifications for the selected research methods have been provided. The process of data analysis has been discussed and justified in this section. Research philosophy The purpose of choosing research philosophy is to gather authentic data for the study. The selection of philosophy depends on the study topic. There are three types of philosophies such as positivism, realism and interpretivism (Merriam Tisdell, 2015). In business research, it is highly important to gather factual data. Positivism philosophy helps to identify the factual data based on the study topic. Interpretivism philosophy assists to gather socially constructed information behind the study topic. On the other hand, realism is a mixed approach of these two philosophies. In this study, positivism has been selected in order to gather factual data for identifying effectiveness of restructuring for improving management structure. Justification for chosen philosophy (Positivism) Positivism research philosophy helps to rely on specific data about the study topic. Here, the research topic is to evaluate effectiveness of restructuring process in organizational structure improvement. In order to understand the effectiveness of restructuring process, it is highly important to know how managers of the selected company deal with organizational culture and behavior. Positivism philosophy would help to gather factual data from existing literature. In this manner, it would be possible to understand the strategies adopted by contemporary organizations for improving management structure. Therefore, it can be said that the selection of research philosophy is justified. Research Approach In order to obtain accurate and error free research outcome, it is highly important to evaluate the research variables with appropriate models and theories. Selection of research approach helps to identify the appropriate process of evaluation. Inductive and deductive are the two kinds of research purpose through which the topic can be evaluated (Smith, 2015). In case of inductive approach, it is possible to frame new models and theories based on the research topic. On the other hand, deductive approach helps to evaluate the existing models and theories based on the study topic (Bryman, 2015). In this study, the deductive approach has been selected for evaluating the effectiveness of restructuring tool of management structure enhancement. Justification for chosen approach (Deductive) The reason behind selecting deductive approach is to mitigate time constraint. With this approach, it would be easy to identify the most relevant models and theories within the proposed deadline. On the other hand, with inductive approach it would be difficult to derive new models and theories within the deadline. It will further increase the overall research budget as well. Moreover, the inductive approach process is time consuming and it takes cohesive research from secondary sources. Therefore, deductive approach has been selected in order to mitigate budget and time constraint of the study. Additionally, existing models and theories would help to evaluate the variables in an appropriate manner. Research purpose Identifying the appropriate research purpose helps to understand the research topic in an effective manner. In order to conduct vast literature review, it is important to gain knowledge about the contemporary practice of management structure improvement. There are three kinds of purposes such as explanatory, exploratory and descriptive (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). Explanatory purpose can be selected in order to establish link between the study variables. Here, the study variables are management structure enhancement and restructuring strategy. Exploratory purpose helps to access the background of the study topic. On the other hand, descriptive purpose helps to elaborate the study topic. It further helps to explain the topic with use of extensive literature (Smith, 2015). In this study, the descriptive purpose has been selected. It has helped to understand the study topic and its background effectively. Justification for chosen purpose (Descriptive) Selection of research purpose depends on the type of study that has been conducted. In this study, there are two research variables such as management structure enhancement and restructuring strategy. Therefore, it is highly important to elaborate both the variables in order to gain adequate knowledge about the study topic. Descriptive purpose helps to investigate each variable closely and therefore, it has helped to understand the research topic efficiently. On the other hand, explanatory purpose helps to build relation between the research variables. However, through explanatory, it would not be possible to describe the variables properly. Apart from that, exploratory purpose only evaluates the background of the study. Descriptive purpose would help to discuss both the variables in literature review. It would further help to represent an argumentative viewpoint of the previous authors. Therefore, the selection of the descriptive research purpose is justified for this study. Research Strategy Research strategy helps to implement the appropriate data collection process from the selected sample. Focus group, case study, interview and survey are the research strategies that would help to conduct the study. Focus group and case study strategies are appropriate for secondary data collection process (Silverman, 2016). On the other hand, survey and interview process would be conducted for primary research. In this study, interview strategy has been selected, which has helped to conduct qualitative research. This process has helped to conduct a face-to-face interview session with the selected population. It helps to gather accurate and authentic information regarding the research topic. Justification for chosen strategy (Interview) In order to gather data for this study topic, primary research has been taken into consideration. In primary study, a qualitative approach has been chosen for this study. Interview strategy has been selected for conducting the primary qualitative study. Here, a group of respondents has been selected as the sample population. Interview questions have been created as per the research objectives. This process has helped to communicate with the respondents individually. On the other hand, in survey process, it is not possible to communicate with the respondents individually. This process allows creating survey questionnaire for the respondents and encouraging the respondents for responding. The low response rate is the major constraint of this process. Apart from that, respondents in this process may provide arbitrary responses, which may harm the quality of the research outcome. On the other hand, case study and focus group strategies are appropriate for secondary research method. There fore, it can be said that interview strategy is justified for this research. Data collection In order to obtain error-free research outcome, it is highly important to select appropriate data collection process. Several data collection processes would be adopted for gathering research data. Primary and secondary are two types of data collection process through which data can be gathered. In secondary data collection process, authentic resources such as journal, articles, and websites can be accessed (Lewis, 2015). On the other hand, primary data can be gathered through two data collection techniques such as qualitative and quantitative. In the quantitative technique, the survey can be conducted with the selected group of the population. On the other hand, the interview can be conducted in order to initiate the qualitative technique. In this study, interview process has been taken into consideration for gathering authentic information. This process of data collection has helped to gather valid information regarding the management structure enhancement strategy (Merriam Tisdel l, 2015). Following are two types of data collection processes and their advantages. Primary data collection process In primary data collection process, a group of respondents has been selected for conducting data collection. This process helps to investigate the research issue by taking feedbacks from the targeted respondents. In this case, data collection can be done by targeting managers from the selected company. In this process, there are two types of data collection techniques such as qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Following is the descriptions of both data collection techniques along with their advantages. Qualitative technique In the qualitative technique, the interview can be conducted with a set of respondents. Here, interview questions can be created according to the research objectives. In this process, it is possible to gather appropriate viewpoint of the respected authority. The data gathered in this process is authentic and therefore, it can be said that selection of qualitative technique is justified in this study. Quantitative technique Quantitative technique refers to the process in which a survey can be conducted. In this process, survey process can be conducted with a group of the respondent. The quantitative process allows in selecting a group of respondents for conducting the survey. The survey questions are made according to the research aim and objective. However, the data quality of quantitative data is lower than the quality of qualitative data. In this process, respondents may provide fabricated feedbacks, which may harm the quality of the research outcome negatively. Secondary data collection process In this type of data collection process, data can be gathered from authentic sources such as journals, websites and press releases. In this process, the viewpoint of previous researchers and authors have been gathered (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). It has helped to conduct a cohesive literature review in order to understand the research variables such as organizational structure enhancement and structuring process. Through this process, it is possible to gather relevant and authentic information about the research topic. Sample selection In this study, three level managers of Contour Global Company have been selected as sample. From an executive level, six managers have been selected from three operations such as finance and administration, planning and budgeting, development and tax. From middle management, 12 managers have been selected from four operations such as finance and administration, planning and budgeting, IT, legal and development Apart from that, 12 managers have been selected from specialist operations of finance and administration, planning and budgeting, IT, legal and development. Therefore, total 30 managers from Contour Global Company have been selected for conducting an interview session with every individual. Some of the selected respondents are ex-employee of the study company. The duration of every interview would be 30 minutes to 1.5 hours. Here, the interview has been conducted on the phone and Skype. Data analysis In this study, qualitative data collection process has been taken into consideration. Therefore, the interview has been conducted with the selected group of the population. Here, content analysis has been adopted in order to analyze the gathered data from the selected population. This process has helped to observe the data closely for more interpretative analysis (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). Through this data analysis process, it is possible to evaluate comments of the respondents accurately. Here, summarization, classification, and tabulation have been done in order to get a better outcome from the gathered data. The purpose of this data analysis process is to covert the general data to specific information (Bryman Bell, 2015). This process highlights the important comments of the respondents and summarizing them into a tabular format. Ethical consideration The methodology selected in this study has many ethical constraints. In order to conduct ethical research, researchers should comply with the research ethics policies. According to the research ethics, researchers should not force the participant to take part in the data collection process. It affects the response rate of the data collection process negatively (Smith, 2015). Apart from that, the researcher should protect the gathered data in order to comply with data protection act. However, it is important to share the respondents comments while recording the data for the study. In interview session, the researchers should not be biased while communicating with the respondents. It would help to improve the data analysis and research outcome as well. Limitation of chosen methodology The methodology chosen for this study is primary qualitative. In this process, it is possible to collect authentic data from the authorized respondents. Interview process helps to communicate with each respondent individually. However, there are certain limitations of this particular method. For example, respondents of the interview may refuse to share organizational information. However, the quality of the research depends on the gathered data. Apart from that, respondents may manipulate the data due to confidentiality of organizational information. 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