The Death Penalty Is Wrong And Inhumane Essay - 1170 Words

The notion of sentencing another human being to death is difficult to completely comprehend. The physical procedure involved in the act of execution are easy to grasp, but the emotions involved in carrying out a death sentence on another person, regardless of how much they deserve it, is beyond comprehension. This act has been critiqued by many people from all around the world and it is our responsibility as a society to see that capital punishment is wrong and inhumane. Some oppositions to the death penalty include racial bias in death sentencing, capital punishment is irreversible, capital punishment costs more than incarceration, and poor quality defense leaves many sentenced to death. Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the notion of legal authorization of killing a person as punishment for a crime they have committed. The first established death penalty laws dates back as far as the â€Å"Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon†, which categorized the death penalty for twenty-five diverse wrongdoings (Part I: History of the Death Penalty.). The death penalty was also part of the â€Å"Fourteenth Century B.C. s Hittite Code; in the Seventh Century B.C. s Draconian Code of Athens†, which made death the only punishment for all misconducts; and in the â€Å"Fifth Century B.C. s Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets† (Part I: History of the Death Penalty.). Death sentences were carried out by such means as crucifixion, drowning, beating toShow MoreRelatedDeath Penalty Inhumane1011 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. The death penalty is a concerning factor around the world, because killing a person goes against basis moral law. As long as the death penalty has been standing so has the argument against itself that the death penalty is sinking down to the level of the criminal. While many people agree with the death penalty, killing people as a punishment is wrong, because it is inhumane, costly, and risky forRead MoreTaking a Look at the Death Penalty918 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty is one of the oldest punishments in the world. It has many kinds and always appeared with blood and fright in the history. As the world developing, we got stuck in a problem, that whether we should abolish the death penalty. We have many arguments about the death penalty at present. There are more than 140 countries abolished it. Also the 58 nations with 65 percent population still used it, like China, America, Japan. M any lawyers, judges, politics and scholars also have their ownRead MoreDiscussing the Death Penalty1472 Words   |  6 Pageswhether or not the death penalty is the right thing to do to punish those who have committed heinous crimes. While some states have allowed the death penalty to be used in certain cases, others have outright removed it as a choice. Why is this debate important? Well as U.S. citizens we need to make a decision of what is the best way to deal with criminals. Is it better to execute these criminals or incarcerate them? This paper will discuss the considered pros and cons of the death penalty and what my viewRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Complex Issue924 Words   |  4 Pagesa complex issue with many different opinions and viewpoints. Deciding whether a person should be punished by death is not a trivial ordeal nor should it be treated as such. How do you know when a crime is punishable by death or not? â€Å"A popular bumper sticker says, ‘We kill pe ople to show people that killing people is wrong’† (Carmical). This slogan misses the idea that the death penalty does not chastise people for killing, but for murder. Murder is the purposeful action of killing another humanRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty790 Words   |  4 PagesMurphy Death Penalty Capital punishment is defined as the legal killing of a human being as a punishment to an immoral crime. People who are charged with the death penalty tend to do cruel and harmful crimes of murder, homicide, and/or rape. The process of the death penalty and capital punishment has many flaws in its system. Often times people who are completely innocent of the charged crime get sentenced to the death penalty. The true criminal is often timesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not The Answer865 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty is a widespread controversial issue. The Criminal Justice System is the real assassin; death is not the answer. It is unconstitutional. It isn t moral to execute humans. The death penalty is a cruel punishment; it treats humans as inanimate objects that are to be toyed with. The death penalty should be outlawed. States that allow the death penalty don t have lower crime rates, so obviously people don t care that death could be their punishment. So what p roblem is this solvingRead MoreIntroduction Of The Death Penalty Debate1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to the Death Penalty Debate It was said by an Iowa State Supreme Court justice in the 1840s, â€Å"Crime indicates a diseased mind in the same manner that sickness and pain do a diseased body. And as in the one case we provide hospitals for the treatment of severe and contagious diseases, so in the other, prisons and asylums should be provided for similar reasons† (Banner, 2002, p.118). Individuals who have committed crimes serve their sentences and punishments, or are â€Å"treated†, in prisonsRead MoreDeath Penalty Argument Essay683 Words   |  3 PagesThe Death Penalty A society operates around communities of people who work together and do their part to form a functional place to live. Many people benefit from others throughout society without even knowing it. Society functions and benefits from people doing their part to keep our community safe and people benefit from society as well, but there is an exception. Criminals who have committed a crime that has placed them in prison for the rest of their life, without the possibility of paroleRead MoreDeath to the Death Penalty1025 Words   |  5 Pagesany other human being, and this is where the nations that apply the death penalty are failing (Source 1). The death penalty or capital punishment is a legal process in which a person is executed as a punishment for committing a crime. It is still used in over 50 nations worldwide. Centuries before the Universal Declaration of Human Rights existed, important civilizations such as the Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman Empires used death to punish criminals for their actions. It was such an important issueRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Humane Or Inhumane Form Of Justice1731 Words   |  7 PagesThis is where the death penalty issue comes into play. The death penalty has been around for thousands of years and, compared to the past, has changed dramatically. For example, people used to be publically tortured and then executed in front of anyone who wanted to see unlike today, the most common practice used is the lethal injection. Yet, many people wonder whether capital punishment is a humane or inhumane form of justice. So, should all states implement the death penalty to reduce violent crimes

Meditation Free Essays

Meditation is believed to have originated from the followers of Buddhism.   Buddhist teaching of Nirvana or the end of suffering may be attained by cultivating within oneself the values of morality, mindfulness and wisdom.   The means to Mindfulness is through Meditation, the ancient Buddhist ritual. We will write a custom essay sample on Meditation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meditation has been with the world for thousands of years.   It has evolved from its spiritual origin and is practiced today for health, therapeutic and wellness reasons as well.   They have several techniques like, Breathing, Transforming, and Transcendental.  Ã‚   The basic components that must be present in meditation are:   a quiet place, a relaxed posture, deep concentration, and open mind. Apart from the religious relevance of Meditation, it also has its practical importance in our modern and daily existence.  Ã‚   Life these days can be so rushed.   Most of the time, our energy is sapped and we are over-fatigued.   We work more, relax less.   Our health can be negatively affected.   If we stop for a few minutes and do Breathing Meditation we will calm our nerves and reduce our stress. Meditation helps change mental attitudes.   When our minds are troubled, we are generally unhappy.   With Transforming Meditation we focus on pleasant thoughts and become individuals with peaceful and happy dispositions.   Transforming Meditation is a common spiritual exercise of the Buddhist religion. Worldly concerns fill our minds with worries.   We need to relieve our minds with this mental garbage and unwanted burden.   Then and only then will we truly be liberated and in the process find peace of mind and gladness of heart.   Even if we have the best things in life, these Page 2 3/31/2017 would not necessarily make us happy.   It would be inner calm and quiet that would make for lasting and real joy, even in the most challenged situations.   Such state could be attained if we are trained in the ways of Meditation. Controlling the mind is difficult.   The mind is pliant that it goes with the flow of circumstances.   When everything goes the way we want them to go, then we are pleased.   If it is contrary to how we want things to be, we feel bad.   These things, pleasant and unpleasant, affect our disposition in life.   Our being happy or sad depends on the occurrences in our daily existence.   With Meditation we will learn to control our mind and consequently our heart, the seat of our emotions.   Meditation creates an inner balance in us and it enables us to take both the difficult and smooth times with equanimity. Meditation drives away negative attitudes that cause us misery.   When we resort to meditation as a routine we train our minds to focus on the positive.   This way, we always see the bright side of life. Most wellness clinics promote the practice of Meditation.   Wellness through Meditation relaxes the body, calms the mind and soothes the soul to combat diseases and illness.   Research is also ongoing to find conclusive health benefits of Meditation.   They are optimistic that Mediation may help find cures for certain diseases and medical conditions.   â€Å"Meditation for health purposes is a mind-body practice in complimentary and alternative medicine†¦..   There are many types of Meditation.   A conscious mental process using certain techniques, such as focusing attention or maintaining a specific posture – to suspend the stream of thoughts and relax the mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (NCCAM, 2007). As an alternative and complement to conventional medicine, Meditation may be used to heal mind and body maladies.   Health and medical practitioners study the relationship of man’s brain, mind, body and his behavior and their reactions to each other.   They are hoping to use the mind to influence the other body functions.   Some health problems are caused or associated with the emotional, mental, social, spiritual and behavioral state of the individual.   Examples of these ailments are:   anxiety, pain, depression, low self-esteem, mood swings, stress, insomnia and the physical and emotional pain of heart diseases, HIV/AIDS and cancer. Meditation helps patients handle their medical condition better through awareness and acceptance.   While meditating, a person concentrates on his body experience minus the distractions.     Ã‚  The person is allowed to experience the sensation without the deductive reaction.   The body is allowed to calm down, rest and relax. Managing stress, ability to cope, and therapeutic relaxation complement cure for disorders accompanied by pain like arthritis.   In other cases and disorders, prior to surgery, patients are made to undergo relaxation procedures that may lessen pain and shorten recovery time.   Studies continue to find how mind-body interventions may be applied to the psychological part of treating patients with chronic ailments and as well as that in need of palliative care. Meditation is many things to many people, a practice that has been handed down through generations.   It promotes the concept of mind power in combating ailments, in de-stressing, in enhancing one’s spirituality, conquering pain, training the mind and heart to things positive, and self-healing.   The benefits of meditation extend from the spiritual, mental, psychological to the physical circumstances of people.   They have calm, happy, positive and healthy outlook in life. Generally, meditators were transformed and have transcended. References Dharma. (2007). Meditation and Mental Culture.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 Dharma. (2007). The Noble Eight-fold Path.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://dharma.nef.ca/introduction/truths/NobleTruth-4html How to Meditate.Org. (2002-2003). How to Meditate.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://www.how-to-meditate.org/ NCCAM. (2007, August 22). Meditation.   Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/ NCCAM. (2007, August 3). Meditation for Health Purposes. Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/overview.htm NCCAM. (2007, July 13). Mind-Body Medicine: An Overview. Retrieved September 9, 2007 from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/backgrounds/mindbody.htm          How to cite Meditation, Essay examples

Dissertation Interim Report Case Study of Contour Global Company

Question: Discuss about the Dissertation Interim Report for the Case Study of Contour Global Company. Answer: Introduction Management structure refers to the process of authority distribution within an organization. According to Ashkenas et al. (2015), management of an organization determines the structure according to the business process. An appropriate organizational structure helps an organization to communicate with the internal and external stakeholders effectively. Here, a literature review has been conducted in order to evaluate the process of management structure enhancement in contemporary organizations. In case of large-scale organizations, it is highly important to maintain communication flow within the company. It ensures high productivity and good communication with the external environment of the company. As opined by Rosenberg and Keller (2016), there are different organizational structures such as entrepreneurial, bureaucratic, professional, divisional and innovative. All these structures have different purpose and the selection of organizational structure depends on the process that the company follows. In order to improve or change the organizational structure, there is a range of strategies that could be implemented. On the other hand, Joseph, Klingebiel and Wilson (2016) argued that the process of structure enhancement is delicate and it can affect people within the organization. In case of restructuring, an organization needs to delegate responsibilities and change job role of the higher and lower level staffs according to the requirements. The process of restructuring is time-consuming and involves many risk factors. Lee, Kozlenkova and Palmatier (2015) stated that the process of restructuring is none other than a change management process. In order to bring organizational change, management needs to follow a systematic process. The first step of this process would be creating urgency for a change. Proper communication with the employees needs to be established before implementing the change. From the evaluation of previous researchers, it has been noted that employees must agree with the proposed change before initiating the process. Otherwise, an organization may face a diverse situation of high employee attrition. While on the other hand, Kopp (2016) mentioned that organizational structure depends on the business process. In this changing market environment, consumers needs and expectation are changing rapidly. Therefore, companies need to hire staffs for satisfying the same. It has a wide impact on job responsibility of the existing staffs in an organization. Therefore, restructuring the stru cture is becoming the globally-acknowledge strategy among the global organizations. Concept of Enterprise Management Structure According to Hashemi (2016), enterprise management structure is known as the authority hierarchy within the organization. The flow of authority determines the roles and responsibility of both higher and lower level employees of an organization. Additionally, Morris Tod and Oliver (2015) said that an effective management structure helps to outline the roles and responsibilities of top management and lower level employees as well. In a hierarchical management structure, employees need to report to their higher authority in order to ensure communication flow. In case of large-scale organizations, the management structure determines by its regions. For example, Procter Gamble has a wide range of products and operating markets. Therefore, the company has its unique managerial structure for different regions and products line. There are several organization structures such as Functional structure and divisional structure, which define an organization according to their operational processes. Ashkenas, Ulrich, Jick and Kerr (2015) pointed out while describing a functional structure that in top management, CEO or the managing director takes the responsibility of decision-making. The second level managers are responsible for monitoring performance of allocated regions, and the line managers are responsible for monitoring the performance of the employees. The process defines have been adopted by a range of organizations in the global market. However, Ocasio and Radoynovska (2016) argued that there are certain factors that infffluence an organization to change the structural format of the organization. This could be changing needs and demands of the customers, which may influence an organization to bring change in organizational structure. Moreover, Ashkenas et al. (2015) stated that internal factors could also tend an organization to change the organizational structure. Organizational management refers to the structure that an organization creates. It illustrates different departments within the organization along with position and responsibilities of both higher and lower level employees. It also describes the position that employees hold. Additionally, the organizational structure represents the communication approach between the departments. Da Fonseca, Silva and Menezes (2015) mentioned that the Human Resource team of an organization is responsible for maintaining the structure of the entire organization. However, Rosenberg and Keller (2016) argued that the management delegates the responsibilities to the Human Resource team. Therefore, it can be said that the management has to be responsible for setting structural behavior. When it comes to the organizational culture, it defines how an organization behaves while managing people. Apart from that, it also describes how the people with in an organization deal with conflicts and other internal factors (Joseph, Klingebiel Wilson, 2016). Depending on the cultural factors, management needs to understand the most appropriate structure. A structural change should be identified as globally acknowledged before the final implementation. In order to achieve organizational goals and objectives, it is highly important to implement a team-working environment. Here, it is highly important to improve the management structure in order to delegate responsibilities among the employees. Varpio et al. (2016) have stated that the managers of an organization should have a proper understanding of what they are responsible. The proper understanding would help the managers to lead the subordinates in an efficient manner. The structure should be well designed, and it is required to be maintained in order to improve performance quality. According to Islam, Jasimuddin and Hasan (2015), in the contemporary business environment, organizations may require changing the structure as per requirements. Therefore, it can be said that change management is one of the major aspects that contemporary organizations should consider for gaining success. In change management, the organizations need to promote the need for the change in the first step . Furthermore, Wu (2015) mentioned that the management should create urgency for the proposed change in order to increase its importance. The managers and other employees should have adequate knowledge about the reason behind this decision on change. In management structure, the board of directors has the full control over organizational decision-making. Apart from that, the board of directors has the authority to create strategies for achieving the goals and objectives. Concept of restructuring tool Restructuring tool refers to the process of changing organizational structure. It helps to enhance the management structure of an organization. As stated by Fisher, Campbell and Svendsen (2012), this process helps to rebuild the responsibilities of different level of employees within an organization. In restructuring process, management of an organization introduces new job role and responsibilities for both higher and lower level employees. The overall process defines the way in which the personnel of an organization should behave (Cosh, Fu Hughes, 2012). The overall organizational behavior and culture deepen of the structural framework of an organization. Organizational structure refers to the flow of authority within an organization. On the other hand, restructuring is a process through which the flow of authority can be change. There is two impacts of restructuring tool in an organization such as leadership change and cultural change. The leaders within an organization should ha ve a clear understanding of the organizational structure. They should examine the structure continuously in order to respond to certain change. On the other hand, the employees should be ready to accept continuous change in order to improve organizational function. Restructuring helps to empower performance quality of the employees in an efficient manner. In this strategy, leaders can appraise an employee by increasing post. Increasing responsibility of an employee is known as a motivational tool. On the other hand, restructuring can also change the entire responsibility of an employee. It might hamper motivation of an employee, or it can reduce overall organizational productivity. There are different tools for improving organizational structure. An organization can introduce training and development process for increasing performance of the workforce (Cavusgil et al., 2014). Here, the company would be able to increase communication within the organization. However, it would be diff icult for the organization to respond to the external environment. The external environment is changing rapidly, and therefore, it has become important to improve the structure in order to gain superiority in the market. Importance of organizational structure In this competitive age, it is highly important to ensure healthy communication with both internal and external stakeholders. Joseph, Klingebiel and Wilson (2016) mentioned that management of an organization defines its structure in order to ensure that each level of employee is well aware of their responsibilities. Apart from that, a well-designed structure helps the employees to understand how and to whom information needs to be delivered. The existing literature shows that todays business environment is diversified and influenced by different external and internal factors. For example, competition is one of the major external factors that may influence an organization to bring change in its structural format. Alvesson and Sveningsson (2015) opined that in case of small organizations, the workforce strength is weak in contrast to the large organizations. Now, considering the employee strength of mall scale organizations, it is highly important to define roles and responsibilities o f every employee (Strese et al., 2016). The process of structuring organizational authority is less challenging for the small-scale organizations. On the other hand, Ohlsson, Han and Hultin (2016) have stated that in case of large-scale organizations, management needs to pay close attention to the employees skills and abilities before defining responsibility. Understanding the business operations and employees skills would help an organization to reduce the excessive workload of the employees. In this manner, it is possible to increase the motivation of the workforce as well overall organizational performance. In order to ensure high performance, management of an organization needs to monitor the performance of the workforce efficiently. In that case, a strong management is required. It would help to address every possible issue of the workforce. In case of contemporary organizations, management is paying close attention to the organizational structure rather than skill management, technology, economic and natural resources. According to Zhang, Chen and Liu (2016), the major reason of business failure has been identified from the literature review is poor management structure. Nowadays, organizations are restructuring their structure in order to delegate responsibilities among the workforce. Apart from that, the aim of restructuring management structure is to build a coordinative working culture, which can help to address probable challenges faced by the employees. In case of large-scale organizations, it is highly important to improve organizational structure. The structure of the organization defines the way in which an organization should respond to market changes. The structure should be flexible enough in order to respond to the market changes. It helps to perform accordingly with the environmental changes. Moreover, structure defines the responsibilities of the workforce in every stages and phases. When it comes to the restructuring process, it changes the responsibilities of the employees at every level. In case, if the organization has changed the business process or has expanded the business processes, it is highly important to make changes in the current structure. The company could also recruit employees in order to initiate the changes process. However, in case of changing the current process, it would be beneficial to change responsibilities of the existing employees. Recruiting new employees for a new process would increase organi zational cost, which will directly affect organizational profitability negatively. Therefore, it can be said that organizational structure is the major factor that management of an organization should consider as the key success factor. In this competitive market, contemporary businesses are facing diverse situation due to changing external environment. In this changing external environment, people within the organization should communicate with the higher authority in order to gain a positive outcome. In order to delegate responsibilities among the workforce, it is highly important to have an appropriate management structure. The management should have good command on the organization in order to achieve objectives. Therefore, it can be said that the structure of an organization has a wide impact on organizational profitability and development. In case of Greenfield method, an organization needs to understand the external environment of the targeted country. The organizational stru cture needs to be defined as per the environmental factors that would affect business sustainability. Factors affect organizational structure As stated by Morris, Tod and Oliver (2015), there are both internal and external factors that affect organizational structures. The major factor is market competition, which influences the organizations to implement efficient strategies. Apart from that, changing needs and expectation of the consumers is another reason, which tends the companies to change organizational structure. Additionally, the external market forces or the business environment has a wide impact on the organizational structure. In case of small organizations, the need of strong structural format is lesser than large-scale organizations. In small businesses, there is low employee strength, and therefore, management of such organizations needs to focus on task delegation. On the other hand, Strese et al. (2016) have mentioned that large-scale organizations need to manage their workforce along with task delegation. Apart from that, communication is the vital factor for the large-scale organizations. Therefore, manag ement of such organizations needs to implement efficient organizational structure. Following are the factors that affect the structure of an organization. Organizational Size: According to Bellini, Pereira and Becker (2016), organizational size refers to the employee strength and operation area of an organization. Small organizations do not have large employee strength, as the company is operating in the small geographical area. Therefore, the management of such organizations needs to focus on short-term benefits rather than management structure. On the other hand, Ashkenas et al. (2015) mentioned that a large-scale organization has wide operating area and strong employee strength. In such organizations, it is highly important to determine the management structure along with the employees roles and responsibilities. Apart from that, this kind of organizations needs more managers and supervisors in order to ensure high performance. Now, the factor influence to change organizational structure is globalization. In order to expand business in the international market, a small-scale organization needs to change its current organizational st ructure. International expansion, on the other hand, depends on the external market forces. In order expand business in the international market; an organization should understand the cultural background of the targeted country. The company should further recruit new workforce and delegate the responsibilities according to the requirements. Moreover, the company can increase responsibilities of the existing managers for monitoring both the domestic and international business. Here, the managers authority increases, which means restructuring responsibilities of the workforce is another form of restructuring organizational. Business Strategy: Rosenberg and Keller (2016) have stated that in this competitive market, organizations need to response to the competitors strategy quickly. Therefore, large organizations have smaller structures, which help the organizations to accept change in environmental change. Therefore, it can be said that business strategies are the major factor, which influences the organizations to change the organizational structure. In order to gain superiority in a competitive market, it is highly important to adopt an innovative strategy (Joseph, Klingebiel Wilson, 2016). Implementing new business strategy may affect roles and responsibilities of the workforce. In such situation, organizations improve the structure with efficient management structuring tools. Restructuring tool helps to change or modify responsibilities of all level employees within an organization. Apart from that, this process also helps to improve the ability of management for monitoring performance of the workfo rce. Implementing a new business strategy refers to the process of introducing innovative ideas for business improvement. The strategy implementation depends on the employees performance and managerial capabilities. Therefore, restructuring process could help the managers to increase responsibilities of the managers so that they can get a good grip among the workforce. Additionally, it would help to increase responsibilities of the workforce, so that they can achieve objectives within the preferred deadline. Business environment: The external business environment is rapidly changing. Large-scale businesses need to consider the external factors such as market competition, governments policies or social changes among the target market (Lee, Kozlenkova and Palmatier, 2015). Therefore, it is highly important to change organizational processes according to the changing external environment. It influences the organizations to restructure the organizational culture by changing roles and responsibilities of the workforce and managers as well. In this changing environment, internalization is one of the most important strategies. Therefore, restructuring process can be used for improving organizational structure. In internationalization, organizations can modify the structure according to the requirements of the external environment. In case of merging with other organization, both the organizations need to bring change in the workforce. For example, the companies might need to increase or decreas e the employee strength after merging. It helps both the companies to increase financial efficiency. Business environment depends on the financial, political environmental and social factors. In case of changing political stability of a country or in changing the economy of a country, an organization would require changing the organizational structure through the restructuring process. This process would help to improve the overall performance of the company without increasing investment. Apart from that, business environment may change due to increasing or decreasing product demand among the target market. In such situations, an organization can restructure the management structure for increasing organizational productivity. Technology: In order to gain superiority in a competitive market, organizations are adopting innovative technologies. Therefore, it is becoming highly important for the organizations to improve performance quality of the workforce (Rosenberg Keller, 2016). In this scenario, responsibilities of the employee's increases and create importance of organizational structure. The introduction of technological innovation influences the organizations to make changes in organizational structure. In such situations, organizations need to increase responsibilities of the higher-level managers. The managers are solely responsible for leading the change towards success (Strese et al., 2016). Apart from that, the management needs to implement training and development sessions for increasing performance quality of the workforce. Moreover, the employees should understand the urgency of the change in an appropriate manner. Therefore, organizations need to employ managers for increasing the urgency of the change. Communication pattern needs to be changed in order to achieve the change process (Wilensky, 2015). Here, organizations tend to change the organizational structure by increasing responsibilities of human resource department. Restructuring process as a tool of Enterprise Management Structure Optimization According to Kopp (2016), the contemporary organizations have adopted restructuring as the tool of management structure improvement. In this process, organizations are initiating change management process for changing the current organizational structure. The purpose of changing the organizational structure is to gain superiority in a competitive market. Additionally, changing the organizational structure helps an organization to change the entire operational process in an effective manner. There are different strategies for improving organizational structure. For example, an organization can build a management team for monitoring the performance of the organization, or an organization can recruit new employees for a new job position. However, Hashemi (2016) argued that the most efficient and globally acknowledged strategy is restructuring. This strategy helps an organization to conduct internal recruitment while changing the organizational structure (Morris, Tod Oliver, 2015). For example, an organization can change responsibilities of the employees while restructuring the structure. This process helps an organization to empower motivation of the workforce in an effective manner. Employees may not accept the changed responsibility, or they may not be able to fulfill requirements of the new responsibility. Therefore, large-scale organizations should invest for implementing training and development process. It could help the employees to increase their knowledge and skill for the newly appointed responsibility. In case of other strategies of structure improvement, employees may face motivational issues. Small organizations conduct external recruitment for a new position. On the other hand, Varpio et al., (2016) mentioned that large-scale organizations change responsibilities of the existing employees and ensure that employees have accepted the change. In order to conduct an efficient change management, the organizations should communicate with the workforce before taking any final decision. In this competitive era, employee retention is the major concern for the organizations. Therefore, it is highly important to ensure the acceptance rate for the planned change. Apart from that, Ashkenas et al. (2015) opined that organizations measures skills of the workforce before changing their responsibilities. Task delegation is the major concern while restructuring organizational management. This process further helps to provide an increment to the existing employees. Increasing responsibilities of t he employees help an organization to increase motivation level of the workforce. It ensures that the workforce would be able to grow their professional career in an effective manner. The purpose behind restructuring the organizational structure is to reduce the organizational cost. Research shows that the restructuring process can be used in order to adopt lean management. Changing responsibilities of the workforce can minimize organizational lose and therefore, cost cutting can be a purpose of implementing this strategy. Apart from that, this strategy would help while merging with another organization. Here, the company needs to understand the cultural background of the targeted company and restructure the management according to the requirements. According to the previous studies, restructuring is the process through which an organization can fight external environmental issues again in the global market. For example, merger strategy has been recognized as the most profitable strategy for the global organizations. Therefore, the primary activity for those organizations implemented the strategy for merging with another company. On the other hand, the acquisition is another strategy for business internationalization. In this strategy, an organization needs to understand the cultural background of the targeted country. The labor market law and employment legislations are the external factors that influence the organizations to implement restructuring process. The employment law depends on the governmental policies and procedures. Therefore, an organization should adopt the organizational structure of the targeted country in order to increase employee retention. In order to conduct sustainable business, it is highly important to comply with the policies and procedures of government. Therefore, restructuring is the most relevant strategy for enhancing organizational or management structure as well as for complying with governmental legislations. Restructuring tool can be used while merging with another company. In that case, an organization can cut down their employee strength in order to fit within the targeted organization. When two organizations decide to merge up, it is highly important to cut down employee strength for the betterment of the company. Here, the company may decide to change job role of the workforce according to the requirements. Therefore, it can be said that the overall process is flexible enough for mitigating the probable issues within the organizations. In this process, it is possible to improve the performance of the overall organization. Employees with high wages and low responsibility can be identified in this process. Management of an organization can reduce or increase responsibilities of employees in order to reduce organizational cost. In traditional process of organizational structure, the overall process was very fragile. The performance monitoring ability of such structures was low in contrast with the contemporary practice of organizational structure. Therefore, organizations have adopted restructuring approach while improving management structure. Apart from that, the structural framework of an organization defines its functionality (Varpio et al., 2016). The more an organization strengthens its structural framework, the more it would be easy for the company to respond in a diverse situation. Nowadays, organizations have developed a flexible structural framework, which can be changed based on environmental requirements. Restructuring tool helps the companies to change the organizational culture continuously. However, changing the organizational culture continuously can be harmful to organizations. It might harm employee retention of an organization negatively. Impact of organizational structure on business sustainability When it comes to business sustainability, it has been noted that majority of the organizations are implementing random strategies in order to survive in the competitive market. Now, the internal management structure is the major factor, which influences business success. The organizational structure of large-scale organizations has a wide impact on its business sustainability and development (Ocasio Radoynovska, 2016). In order to response to the changing business environment, it is highly important to change the business strategies. Now, bringing changes in business strategies require a changed organizational structure. The organizational structure influences internal and external communication of an organization. An effective organizational culture helps to maintain information flow of an organization. Therefore, it can be said that an effective organizational structure helps a company to achieve overall goals and objectives. The need for changing organizational structure occurs w hen the organizational performance deteriorates. Organizational structure refers to the authority distribution among the organization. In order to improve the organizational processes, it is highly important to modify responsibilities of the workforce accordingly. Apart from that, the company needs to understand the need to restructuring before implementing any strategies. Restructuring the structure would have a negative impact on the business sustainability of an organization (Islam, Jasimuddin Hasan, 2015). The organizational structure defines the way in which an organization communicates within the organization. Changing the structure would affect the communication flow of an organization. For example, changing responsibilities and authority of the workforce have a wide impact on the communication structure as well as the communication flow within the organization. The reporting authority of the lower level employees can be change or remain same, but the overall process and need of information flow would change massively. Now, organizational communication has a direct impact on external communication. In order to conduct sustainable business, an organization should communicate with the external stakeholders in an appropriate manner (Wu, 2015). Therefore, it is highly important for an organization to ensure that external employees are getting appropriate information in an accurate flow. Model of change management Kotter's 8-Step Change Model In order to improve the organizational structure, it is highly important to implement an efficient change management plan. The Kotter's 8-Step Change Model is a management framework, which helps to implement a change management within the organization. This model has an eight-step chronological process, which helps to implement and maintain change within the organization. Following are the evaluation of the in this model. Create urgency: In order to change organizational structure, management of an organization should create urgency for the proposed change. It helps the management to convey the importance of the change among the workforce. In order to gain successful outcome, it is highly important to encourage the workforce to accept the change. In that case, communication is the key factor, which an organization should maintain before implementing the change (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). Here, the management should communicate with the employees in order to explain the need for the change. The management should not just discuss individuals performance. Instead, the management should explain the way the organization could exploit opportunities after implementing the change in organizational structure. Formation of the coalition: After building the urgency for a change, management of the organization should convince the people that the change in necessary. Here, strong leadership would be the key factor, which may help the management to take support from the key people within the organization (Bellini et al., 2016). In this step, an organization needs to communicate with the employees for emotional commitments. Bringing change in organizational structure is not an easy process. Here, an organization should build cohesive team effort in order to gain a successful outcome. Creating Vision: In order to lead the change successfully, leaders should build a strong vision. It would help the employees to understand the aim of the organization. The employees are responsible for implementation of the strategies (Hashemi, 2016). Therefore, clear vision is important for increasing awareness about the proposed change. Communication: In order to change the structure successfully, an organization should communicate with all level of employees in an appropriate manner. It would help the organization to convey the overall vision for the proposed change. Remove obstacles: In change management, obstacles could appear at any stage. Therefore, the leaders should monitor the overall process while leading the change (Joseph, Klingebiel Wilson, 2016). The management should monitor the performance of the workforce in order to ensure that the workforce is successfully achieving their objectives. Short-term wins: Motivation is the major factor that would help to enhance organizational performance. Therefore, the leaders should celebrate for short-term benefits in order to empower performance quality of the workforce. Apart from that, managers should empower motivation of the workforce for achieving short-term objectives. Build the change: This is the final step of Kotter's 8-Step Change Model, which ensures that the changed process is effective for the organization. Here, the organization should not celebrate short-term achievement (Kopp, 2016). The change in organizational structure needs to be examined for long-term basis in order to examine its effectiveness. Type of organizational structure and advantages As stated by Joseph, Klingebiel and Wilson (2016), there are different types of organizational structures such as the traditional hierarchy, flatter organizations and flat organizational structure. In traditional hierarchical structure, management of an organization undertakes top-down approach. In this kind of organizations, the board of directors defines organizational strategies. The second level authorities of these organizations are CEO and first line managers. The managers in this authority monitor activities of the regional managers. The regional managers of this kind of organizations supervise the workforce. These managers are responsible for communicating with both the regional managers and employees within the organization (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). In traditional hierarchical structure, employees can communicate with the top management and the top management can communicate with the lower level employees. Therefore, it can be said that this kind of organizational struc ture helps to build strong communication flow within the organization. In flat organizational structure, people with high experience play the role of supervisor. In this kind of organizations, the employees are responsible for reporting to the supervisors directly. As per the viewpoint of Ohlsson, Han and Hultin (2016), the top management of this kind of organization can communicate with the lower level employees as per requirements. The top-down approach of this kind of organization helps to maintain good information flow within the organization. Moreover, this kind of organizations encourages teamwork, where a group of people is responsible for achieving a set of objectives. In flat organizations, the structure tends to be weak at times, but it would help the organizations to react to certain environmental changes. Companies with flat structure would be able to change their structure easily. However, Zhang, Chen and Liu (2016) mentioned that there are certain challenges that would affect the business sustainability of flat organizations. A sudden chan ge in external environment would influence an organization to improve the organizational structure. It would be difficult for a flat organization to restructure the current structure within a short time. In todays competitive business world, every organization follows a particular set of objectives or goals in order to achieve the established targets and organizational structure helps to hinder the progress of accomplishing the goals. Both large and small organization can gain a higher level of sales revenue with employing appropriate organizational structure. There are basic organizational structures, such as divisional, matrix and functional, which determine the ultimate success of the organizations in the specific marketplace (Fisher et al. 2012). The functional structure of an organization involves each portion of the concerned company, which grouped in order to fulfill its fundamental purpose of continuing business operations. A functional organizational structure includes marketing department, production department, and sales department and this type of organizational structure perform well in small organizations. In small organizations, there are few departments and this parti cular organizational structure helps to maintain integration among the existing departments for undertaking suitable decisions for the success of the organization. The functional organizational structure also supports the talent, knowledge, and skill of every associated employee of the organization (Cosh et al. 2012). However, there are also drawbacks and flaws of the functional organizational structure as it limits the communication and coordination in between various departments of the organization. Divisional structure is employed within the larger organizations, which is capable enough to operate its business operations in a vast range of geographic area or a small company, which operates its functions under a group in order to cover several types of offered products in the marketplace. As the scope, possibility and size of the divisional organizational structure are huge. Therefore, it is costly. However, even the small companies also can employ divisional organizational structure on the basis of smaller scale, which has different offices. Matrix organizational structure suggests a hybrid of functional and divisional organizational structure (Cavusgil et al. 2014). Mainly the large multinational companies incorporate matrix organizational structures as it allows the facilities of functional and divisional organizational structure for continuing the business operation in a particular industry. For instance, Woolworths, a famous supermarket retail chain in Australia follows mat rix organizational structure in order to maintain its business activities for holding the best position in the retail industry of Australia and expanding its business in a global manner. As a matrix, organizational structure has the potentiality to generate the struggles of power, as it possesses dual management. Similarly, Woolworths engages various managers for every department such as for function department, production department, division department and marketing department. Hao et al. (2012) have mentioned that there are some formal organizational structures, which involves line organizational structure, committee organizational structure, project organizational structure. Line organizational structure suggests a vertical relationship in between various level of the organization. In this type of organizational structure, only the line department of an organization is the responsible to attain the targeted goal of the organization. Coles, a retail supermarket chain in Australia depends on its line organizational structure, which involves the entire marketing and production department of the company and the higher authority follows the basic chain of command. Gap of literature After reviewing the existing literature, it has been noted that different types of organizations have adopted different structures in order to achieve organizational objectives. The need of restructuring has been identifying through the literature review. Apart from that, a range of strategies has been evaluated for improving the traditional structure of contemporary organizations. However, the study would be more effective with an extensive study on industry specific research. The need of organizational structure depends on the type of organization and its operation. Therefore, it would be beneficial to conduct a study on industry specific literature. Moreover, the external market forces have been evaluated, which may affect the organizational structure. In order to understand the effectiveness of restructuring, it would be better to evaluate other strategies for improving enterprise management structure. Summary Organizational structure refers to the process through which an organization defines authority and flow of communication. In current business environment, organizations are paying close attention to the change in external environment. It helps the organizations to response in competitors activities. In order to gain superiority in a competitive market, it is highly important to improve organizational structure according to the requirements. From the literature review, it has been noted that there are certain factors that tend the organizations to change or improve structure. For example, market competition is a factor that may influence the organization to adopt product or service diversity. Here, the company needs to change or improve the structure in order to ensure success. Restructuring is a tool for management structure enhancement. This tool helps organizations to conduct change thin the organization. Successful implantation of restructuring would help an organization to empowe r skills and the ability of the employees. Apart from that, changing responsibilities of the workforce would help to motivate the employees in an efficient manner. The overall analysis shows that restructuring is a globally-acknowledged process, which improves organizational efficiency and profitability in an effective manner. Chapter 3: Research Methodology Introduction In order to conduct this study, a primary research method has been chosen. Qualitative approach has been chosen in order to gather authentic information from the target population. In order to gather data, interviews has been conducted with different level managers of Contour Global Company. In this chapter, justifications for the selected research methods have been provided. The process of data analysis has been discussed and justified in this section. Research philosophy The purpose of choosing research philosophy is to gather authentic data for the study. The selection of philosophy depends on the study topic. There are three types of philosophies such as positivism, realism and interpretivism (Merriam Tisdell, 2015). In business research, it is highly important to gather factual data. Positivism philosophy helps to identify the factual data based on the study topic. Interpretivism philosophy assists to gather socially constructed information behind the study topic. On the other hand, realism is a mixed approach of these two philosophies. In this study, positivism has been selected in order to gather factual data for identifying effectiveness of restructuring for improving management structure. Justification for chosen philosophy (Positivism) Positivism research philosophy helps to rely on specific data about the study topic. Here, the research topic is to evaluate effectiveness of restructuring process in organizational structure improvement. In order to understand the effectiveness of restructuring process, it is highly important to know how managers of the selected company deal with organizational culture and behavior. Positivism philosophy would help to gather factual data from existing literature. In this manner, it would be possible to understand the strategies adopted by contemporary organizations for improving management structure. Therefore, it can be said that the selection of research philosophy is justified. Research Approach In order to obtain accurate and error free research outcome, it is highly important to evaluate the research variables with appropriate models and theories. Selection of research approach helps to identify the appropriate process of evaluation. Inductive and deductive are the two kinds of research purpose through which the topic can be evaluated (Smith, 2015). In case of inductive approach, it is possible to frame new models and theories based on the research topic. On the other hand, deductive approach helps to evaluate the existing models and theories based on the study topic (Bryman, 2015). In this study, the deductive approach has been selected for evaluating the effectiveness of restructuring tool of management structure enhancement. Justification for chosen approach (Deductive) The reason behind selecting deductive approach is to mitigate time constraint. With this approach, it would be easy to identify the most relevant models and theories within the proposed deadline. On the other hand, with inductive approach it would be difficult to derive new models and theories within the deadline. It will further increase the overall research budget as well. Moreover, the inductive approach process is time consuming and it takes cohesive research from secondary sources. Therefore, deductive approach has been selected in order to mitigate budget and time constraint of the study. Additionally, existing models and theories would help to evaluate the variables in an appropriate manner. Research purpose Identifying the appropriate research purpose helps to understand the research topic in an effective manner. In order to conduct vast literature review, it is important to gain knowledge about the contemporary practice of management structure improvement. There are three kinds of purposes such as explanatory, exploratory and descriptive (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). Explanatory purpose can be selected in order to establish link between the study variables. Here, the study variables are management structure enhancement and restructuring strategy. Exploratory purpose helps to access the background of the study topic. On the other hand, descriptive purpose helps to elaborate the study topic. It further helps to explain the topic with use of extensive literature (Smith, 2015). In this study, the descriptive purpose has been selected. It has helped to understand the study topic and its background effectively. Justification for chosen purpose (Descriptive) Selection of research purpose depends on the type of study that has been conducted. In this study, there are two research variables such as management structure enhancement and restructuring strategy. Therefore, it is highly important to elaborate both the variables in order to gain adequate knowledge about the study topic. Descriptive purpose helps to investigate each variable closely and therefore, it has helped to understand the research topic efficiently. On the other hand, explanatory purpose helps to build relation between the research variables. However, through explanatory, it would not be possible to describe the variables properly. Apart from that, exploratory purpose only evaluates the background of the study. Descriptive purpose would help to discuss both the variables in literature review. It would further help to represent an argumentative viewpoint of the previous authors. Therefore, the selection of the descriptive research purpose is justified for this study. Research Strategy Research strategy helps to implement the appropriate data collection process from the selected sample. Focus group, case study, interview and survey are the research strategies that would help to conduct the study. Focus group and case study strategies are appropriate for secondary data collection process (Silverman, 2016). On the other hand, survey and interview process would be conducted for primary research. In this study, interview strategy has been selected, which has helped to conduct qualitative research. This process has helped to conduct a face-to-face interview session with the selected population. It helps to gather accurate and authentic information regarding the research topic. Justification for chosen strategy (Interview) In order to gather data for this study topic, primary research has been taken into consideration. In primary study, a qualitative approach has been chosen for this study. Interview strategy has been selected for conducting the primary qualitative study. Here, a group of respondents has been selected as the sample population. Interview questions have been created as per the research objectives. This process has helped to communicate with the respondents individually. On the other hand, in survey process, it is not possible to communicate with the respondents individually. This process allows creating survey questionnaire for the respondents and encouraging the respondents for responding. The low response rate is the major constraint of this process. Apart from that, respondents in this process may provide arbitrary responses, which may harm the quality of the research outcome. On the other hand, case study and focus group strategies are appropriate for secondary research method. There fore, it can be said that interview strategy is justified for this research. Data collection In order to obtain error-free research outcome, it is highly important to select appropriate data collection process. Several data collection processes would be adopted for gathering research data. Primary and secondary are two types of data collection process through which data can be gathered. In secondary data collection process, authentic resources such as journal, articles, and websites can be accessed (Lewis, 2015). On the other hand, primary data can be gathered through two data collection techniques such as qualitative and quantitative. In the quantitative technique, the survey can be conducted with the selected group of the population. On the other hand, the interview can be conducted in order to initiate the qualitative technique. In this study, interview process has been taken into consideration for gathering authentic information. This process of data collection has helped to gather valid information regarding the management structure enhancement strategy (Merriam Tisdel l, 2015). Following are two types of data collection processes and their advantages. Primary data collection process In primary data collection process, a group of respondents has been selected for conducting data collection. This process helps to investigate the research issue by taking feedbacks from the targeted respondents. In this case, data collection can be done by targeting managers from the selected company. In this process, there are two types of data collection techniques such as qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Following is the descriptions of both data collection techniques along with their advantages. Qualitative technique In the qualitative technique, the interview can be conducted with a set of respondents. Here, interview questions can be created according to the research objectives. In this process, it is possible to gather appropriate viewpoint of the respected authority. The data gathered in this process is authentic and therefore, it can be said that selection of qualitative technique is justified in this study. Quantitative technique Quantitative technique refers to the process in which a survey can be conducted. In this process, survey process can be conducted with a group of the respondent. The quantitative process allows in selecting a group of respondents for conducting the survey. The survey questions are made according to the research aim and objective. However, the data quality of quantitative data is lower than the quality of qualitative data. In this process, respondents may provide fabricated feedbacks, which may harm the quality of the research outcome negatively. Secondary data collection process In this type of data collection process, data can be gathered from authentic sources such as journals, websites and press releases. In this process, the viewpoint of previous researchers and authors have been gathered (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). It has helped to conduct a cohesive literature review in order to understand the research variables such as organizational structure enhancement and structuring process. Through this process, it is possible to gather relevant and authentic information about the research topic. Sample selection In this study, three level managers of Contour Global Company have been selected as sample. From an executive level, six managers have been selected from three operations such as finance and administration, planning and budgeting, development and tax. From middle management, 12 managers have been selected from four operations such as finance and administration, planning and budgeting, IT, legal and development Apart from that, 12 managers have been selected from specialist operations of finance and administration, planning and budgeting, IT, legal and development. Therefore, total 30 managers from Contour Global Company have been selected for conducting an interview session with every individual. Some of the selected respondents are ex-employee of the study company. The duration of every interview would be 30 minutes to 1.5 hours. Here, the interview has been conducted on the phone and Skype. Data analysis In this study, qualitative data collection process has been taken into consideration. Therefore, the interview has been conducted with the selected group of the population. Here, content analysis has been adopted in order to analyze the gathered data from the selected population. This process has helped to observe the data closely for more interpretative analysis (Eriksson Kovalainen, 2015). Through this data analysis process, it is possible to evaluate comments of the respondents accurately. Here, summarization, classification, and tabulation have been done in order to get a better outcome from the gathered data. The purpose of this data analysis process is to covert the general data to specific information (Bryman Bell, 2015). This process highlights the important comments of the respondents and summarizing them into a tabular format. Ethical consideration The methodology selected in this study has many ethical constraints. In order to conduct ethical research, researchers should comply with the research ethics policies. According to the research ethics, researchers should not force the participant to take part in the data collection process. It affects the response rate of the data collection process negatively (Smith, 2015). Apart from that, the researcher should protect the gathered data in order to comply with data protection act. However, it is important to share the respondents comments while recording the data for the study. In interview session, the researchers should not be biased while communicating with the respondents. It would help to improve the data analysis and research outcome as well. Limitation of chosen methodology The methodology chosen for this study is primary qualitative. In this process, it is possible to collect authentic data from the authorized respondents. Interview process helps to communicate with each respondent individually. However, there are certain limitations of this particular method. For example, respondents of the interview may refuse to share organizational information. However, the quality of the research depends on the gathered data. Apart from that, respondents may manipulate the data due to confidentiality of organizational information. The low response rate is another limitation of this study. Respondents may not take part in the interview session. However, it is important to communicate with each selected respondent in order to provide accurate research result. References Alvesson, M., Sveningsson, S. (2015).Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T., Kerr, S. (2015).The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. John Wiley Sons Bellini, C. G. P., Pereira, R. D. C. D. F., Becker, J. L. (2016). Organizational structure and enterprise systems implementation: Theoretical measures and a benchmark for customer teams.Information Technology People,29(3), 527-555 Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA Eriksson, P., Kovalainen, A. (2015).Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research. Sage Hashemi, M. S. (2016). The effect of infrastructure, corporate culture, organizational structure and information technology on Competitive Intelligence in Organizations.Human Resource Management,3(3), 43-50 Joseph, J., Klingebiel, R., Wilson, A. J. (2016). Organizational Structure and Performance Feedback: Centralization, Aspirations, and Termination Decisions.Organization Science Joseph, J., Klingebiel, R., Wilson, A. J. (2016). Organizational Structure and Performance Feedback: Centralization, Aspirations, and Termination Decisions.Organization Science Kopp, S. W. (2016). Tell all your friends: multilevel marketing is an organizational structure for (ECONOMIC AND PERSONAL) GROWTH. In2016 Global Marketing Conference at Hong Kong(pp. 534-540) Lee, J. Y., Kozlenkova, I. V., Palmatier, R. W. (2015). 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In2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)(pp. 5116-5125). IEEE Rosenberg, A., Keller, M. (2016). Making sense of organizational structure change: a practice-based approach.Baltic Journal of Management,11(4) Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research. Sage Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015).Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage Strese, S., Meuer, M. W., Flatten, T. C., Brettel, M. (2016). Organizational antecedents of cross-functional coopetition: The impact of leadership and organizational structure on cross-functional coopetition.Industrial Marketing Management,53, 42-55 Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons Wilensky, H. L. (2015).Organizational intelligence: Knowledge and policy in government and industry(Vol. 19). Quid Pro Books Zhang, M., Chen, H., Liu, J. (2016). Business Process Study of Change in Organizational Structure: Using Complex Network Controllability.Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience,13(1), 607-614 Fisher, D.R., Campbell, L.K. and Svendsen, E.S., (2012). The organisational structure of urban environmental stewardship.Environmental Politics,21(1), pp.26-48. Cosh, A., Fu, X. and Hughes, A., (2012). Organisation structure and innovation performance in different environments.Small Business Economics,39(2), pp.301-317. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Hao, Q., Kasper, H. and Muehlbacher, J., (2012). How does organizational structure influence performance through learning and innovation in Austria and China.Chinese Management Studies,6(1), pp.36-52.

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Olympic Athlete - Tommie Smith essays

Olympic Athlete - Tommie Smith essays OLYMPIC ATHLETE REPORT ON TOMMIE SMITH: I RECEIVED AN A+ ON THIS PAPER... The late 1960s was a period of tumultuous uproar and uncertainty. Using the World of Crayola Crayons as an analogy, the two primary colors that were at the center of this turmoil were black and white. For illustration purposes, lets say someone takes a black crayon and draws a straight line on a white piece of paper. Now, if someone handed you the piece of paper and told you to analyze it, what would your first thought be? What the heck is a black line doing on the white piece of paper, right? Although this example may be perceived as childish, from a humanitarian standpoint, it demonstrates the position that America was in during the 1960s. At the pinnacle of the sixties were the assassinations of J.F.K., Malcolm X, and the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Then of course there was the establishment of the United Farm Workers Association by Cesar Chavez. And dont forget about the hippie movement, the Cuban Missle Crisis, the emergence of the infamous Motown sound, and the first men to walk on the moon. Ahhh... and finally, who could forget the valiant, yet controversial display of black pride exhibited by John Carlos and Tommie Smith at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico. Tommie Smith was born on June 12, 1944, in Clarksville, Texas. Tommie later attended San Jose State, where he was coached by another Hall of Famer, Bud Winter. At a height of 6-3 and 185 pounds, Tommie Smith was said to have had an ideal build for a long sprinter. He was the record holder for the 200-meter dash from 1966 to 1971. His best time was 19.83 seconds, which was the first time that this distance was run in less than twenty seconds. Tommie was also a record holder for the straightaway 200-yard dash from 1965 to 1979, in 19.5 seconds. He was a member of the 4X4 200-meter relay team that set a world record of 1 minute, 22.1 seconds. The rec...

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Biography of Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817. He was born in Concord, Massachusetts. As a poet and essayist, he was sending a good life. Sadly, he was pasted on Concord on May 6, 1862. In the first year of his life, his family moved, but returned after five years. He grew up in the village and later reached masculinity. His favorite villages are forests, streams and meadows. He is the third child of the family. As his life expanded and made new friends, he established friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson. This year's favorite book is a biography of Laura Dassow Walls' Henry David Thoreau, he lives in Concord, Massachusetts, lives with Emerson, Hawthorne, Al, Technology weakens the ability to learn through observation Thinking that we might make it, we can find the answer on Google, but what is the importance of discovery? Thoreau from 1820 to 60 years and the explanation of New England life are attractive Biography of Henry David Thoreau Henry David T horeau was born on July 12, 1817. He was born in Concord, Massachusetts. As a poet and essayist, he was sending a good life. Sadly, he was pasted on Concord on May 6, 1862. In the first year of his life, his family moved, but returned after five years. He grew up in the village and later reached masculinity. His favorite villages are forests, streams and meadows. He is the third child of the family. - Henry David Thoreau Walden's Walden, Henry David Thoreau's first person is about events and ideas when he lived in Walden Pond in the '800s. Henry David Thoreau is a poet and philosopher who lives a simple life to build a direct connection between people, gods and nature. He thinks that knowledge is intuitive power, not logical proof of learning. In the work of Henry David Thoreau, he has explored another more thoughtful lifestyle. Thoreau is a student of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson gave Thoreau the property at Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts; Thoreau spent two years here. Thoro ugh's social experiment demands him to separate him from society, become individuals, and learn from his experience. Emerson gave the facility of Walden Pond to Henry David Thoreau. - Lincoln is believed to struggle for racial equality When he believes African Americans are inferior, the image that people give to him is not true, radical radical Republican reconstruction It will be promoted to the era of. The thoughts of many people, even when they were tested, or even their own inference. Compared with reality, Henry David Thoreau's ideas and ideals did not go well.

Law 5 Formation of Business Entities; Assignment

Law 5 Formation of Business Entities; - Assignment Example Sole proprietorship is a business formed and controlled by the same person whereby the owner shares all profits and risks in the business (Balotti, 2011). A sole proprietor bears all the liabilities of the business including all debts, violations and losses associated with the business. From my professional experience, some of the advantages of a sole proprietorship include the ease of formation since only a business name and business license is needed to start the business (Emerson, 2009). The sole proprietor enjoys all the profits, decision making and control of the business. A small amount of capital is needed to form the business and tax benefits arise since tax returns are not filled as a separate business but as personal income of the business owner (Emerson, 2009). However, some disadvantages of a sole proprietorship business include the difficulties in securing expansion capital in the capital markets, the lack of continuity after the death or incapacitation of the sole proprietor and the direct responsibility for all debts, losses and business violations of the sole proprietorship business (Balotti, 2011). The second common form of business entity is the partnership. Some types of the partnership include the general partnership and limited partnership. General partnership business is created under common law where two or more people form a business with the sole objective of making a profit. It is created by partnership agreement that outlines the duties and method of sharing profits and losses amongst the partners (Emerson, 2009). Without such agreement, the profits and losses are shared equally amongst the partners. In my own experience, partnership has certain disadvantages since each partner is jointly liable for the wrong actions of the other partners and the business can terminate after the death, bankruptcy or on agreement of the partners (Emerson, 2009). The

Critically discuss how ratio analysis can help in the prediction of Essay

Critically discuss how ratio analysis can help in the prediction of bankruptcy - Essay Example t on the basis of financial ratios and used for predicting company’s bankruptcy are: logistic regression, multiple discriminant analysis, and probit models (Ramana, Azash, Ramakrishnaiah, 2012). By analyzing and interpreting financial statements using different ratios and techniques shareholders, potential investors, bankers, analysts and all other potential stakeholders can gain valuable information about the financial status of a company, its borrowing power and solvency position (Yap & Yong, 2010). Financial ratio variables are used for assessing the financial information and historical trends of financial performance of a business, which in turn serve as good indicators of financial troubles ahead (Yap & Yong, 2010). However, there are also some criticisms of accounting-ratio-based models. Some researchers suggest that the accounting ratios have limited capacity for predicting bankruptcy as accounting information is usually formulated to describe the financial condition of the company, assuming that it will not go bankrupt (Hillegeist, Keating, Cram & Lundstedt, 2004). Thus, for example, Hillegeist, Keating, Cram & Lundstedt (2004) have concluded that traditional accounting-based measures (such as accounting ratio analysis) are not sufficient enough for predicting the probability of bankruptcy. Ramana N, Azash S, Ramakrishnaiah K, 2012. ‘Financial performance and predicting the risk of bankruptcy: A case of selected cement companies in India’, International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research, vol. 1(1), pp. 40-56. Yap B, and Yong D, 2010. ‘How well do financial ratios and multiple discriminant analysis predict company failures in Malaysia’, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 54,

Mobile Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Mobile Operating Systems Essay The purpose of this research paper is to provide a basic overview of what a mobile operating system is and the different options available to choose from. Many issues arise when determining which mobile OS is the best for each user, such as security issues, availability of apps, compatibility with other hardware, etc. These are all fundamental aspects to consider when choosing what mobile OS someone would want to invest in when choosing their smartphone of choice. The most popular mobile OS’s are developed specifically for smartphones, while other feature-rich phones use stripped down mobile version of an OS that doesn’t provide as many features and capabilities as more advanced mobile operating systems. These higher end mobile operating systems that we will be focusing on are iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Blackberry, and webOS. While there does exist a greater variety of mobile operating systems, the following operating systems are the main OS’s that exist in the United States and around the world. What is a mobile operating system? How do you know which mobile OS is the best one to fit the specific needs of a user or business? Those questions will hopefully be answered by analyzing the mobile OS industry and what each mobile OS has to offer in terms of features, capabilities, and the availability of services within the OS. The Smartphone Market Today Over the last few years, companies have taken the initiative to make mobility a strong focus among modern day uses. And smartphones have become a prime target to dry and develop for to achieve top market share over the competition. Mobile operating systems is an industry that is in its growth cycle, making it more and more enticing for companies to enter the market. There are a couple manufacturer-built operating systems, which is Apple’s iOS operating system, RIM’s Blackberry OS, and HP’s webOS. Third party propriety operating systems consist of Microsoft’s Windows Phone 7, and a few open-sourced operating systems are Google’s Android OS, etc. (Haroon, 2011) The Importance of Mobile Operating Systems In America, the importance and significance of what mobile operating system you are using has become more and more of a topic of discussion. Many tech sites and blog sites are comparing the top mobile OS and providing a side by side comparison to determine which the best one is. But the bottom line is, each mobile OS provides great features and has been polished and developed over many versions throughout the years that each one ends up being a good OS. It all ends up to what the user want, and what specific needs the user requires that is met by the right mobile OS. Around the globe, â€Å"IDC say 157. 8 million smartphones sold worldwide in Q4 2011, bringing the total for the year to 491. 4 million units. (Haroon, 2011) The first Apple iOS version was released with the iPhone in 2007. The OS’s intuitive and easy to use ability has given the OS the competitive advantage and its features. The first iteration of iOS lacked many features that other smartphone operating systems had but Apple quickly began to develop more and more features that customers requested, like copy paste, tethering, etc. Blackberry is developed by RIM and has been a tremendous success throughout the business world, and became the choice of smartphone when it was first released. Although it had a lot of success initially, it began to decline with the increase of competition of Android and iOS. HP webOS was HP’s attempt to get into the mobile industry, when Palm first initially built webOS. It did not catch on among consumers and never gained enough market share to be competitive. Android is Google’s take on how mobile operating systems should be; open and user customizable. It was developed in 2005 and saw a huge growth and has quickly become the mobile OS of choice amongst many across the world. iOS by Apple The iOS mobile OS, formerly known as iPhone OS, was unveiled on January 9, 2007 at the Macworld Conference Expo. It was then later released to the public with the release of the first iPhone later that June. The iPhone was one of the first smartphones that revolutionized the smartphone industry and set a new standard to how smartphones should be today and the vision for the future. iOS quickly became so popular that Apple began to use the iOS to operate other devices such as the iPod touch, iPad 1 + 2, and the Apple TV. Shortly after the release of the iPhone, Apple then announced that a Software Development Kit (SDK) was under development and would be in the hands of developers soon. This led to an influx of developers rushing to the mobile OS to find new and intuitive ways that users can interact with their phone through third party applications. The AppStore was a success when released and apps were being developed at an extraordinary pace for the iPhone. To develop and make apps for iOS, you must have a keen understanding to develop using Xcode and objective-C. (Since the release of Xcode 3. , Xcode is the development environment for the iOS SDK. iPhone applications, like iOS and Mac OS X, are written in Objective-C. † (O’Dell, 2012) iOS is essentially a home screen with app icons with limited customization options for the user, but this is what made the iPhone so popular. It was easy to use and intuitive. It was easy for a new person entering the smartphone market to pick up the iPhone and learn how to use it within a matter of a few minutes. Although it doesn’t provide the heavy customizing options like Android, it stands up fairly well against the competition and the sales of the iPhone, iPod, and iPad prove that. Android by Google Android, Inc. was initially founded in Palo Alto, California in 2003 by Andy Rubin. Android, Inc. was then later acquired by Google in 2005 and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. With the support and funding of Google, Android quickly became a mobile OS force to be reckoned with. Android is a mobile OS that is Linux-based for smartphones and tablets. â€Å"Android has a large community of developers writing applications (apps) that extend the functionality of the devices. Developers write primarily in a customized version of Java. Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or through online stores such as Android Market, the app store run by Google. † Google had one thing in mind when it came to Android, and that was to compete head to head against Apple’s iOS. Since the introduction of Android, many updates have been released adding new features and capabilities that kept it being on par with the iPhone, and sometimes even exceeding in areas that iOS lacked, such as multi-tasking and customization options. One of the primary reasons Android became so successful was due to its open source environment. Manufacturers from all over the world began to develop smartphones integrating the Android OS while also developing a customized version of their own take on Android on top of it. HTC, Samsung, and Motorola are a few of many that are known for providing customized versions of Android that make it a more customizable phone experience for users. (Newman, 2012) While Android has seen an extraordinary growth and positive feedback from consumers in recent years, along with the OS comes its downfalls and negatives. One aspect that has always plagued Android from the beginning and has only gotten worse is this idea of fragmentation. Google releases a handful of updates throughout the year, and due to the openness of Android, hardware manufacturers have always been given the freedom to customize Android in their own way making their devices differentiate from the competition. This has only caused these updates that Google releases during the year to not be readily available once the update is pushed out. Consumers are finding themselves craving for the latest Android update only to be waiting for months and months after it is released. Google seems to be listening and plans to reduce fragmentation across its operating system starting with the release of Ice Cream Sandwich (Android 4. 0). Google is making it mandatory that any smartphone or tablet that has the Android Market installed will have to by default make the new â€Å"Holo† theme that ICS introduced. This is a step in the right direction for Android and the result of this change will hopefully be speedier delivery of future Android updates. (Purewal, 2012) Google has had tremendous success no doubt with its Android mobile operating system. Following the steps of the OS version dubbed â€Å"gingerbread†, Ice Scream Sandwich followed suit implementing new features and user interface changes that make Android more modern and competitive against the iPhone. But Google is already taking its next step in the next version of Android. Android 5. 0, which will be dubbed â€Å"Jelly Bean†, is the next version Google plans to release following the Ice Cream Sandwich release. This version of the mobile OS will implement better tablet handling for the new features and UI changes that were introduced in Ice Scream Sandwich. Even though Ice Cream Sandwich just came out of its wrapper, the upcoming release of Windows 8 has supposedly inspired Google to speed up its release schedule. Android 5. 0 is rumored to have Chrome integration; Also in DigiTimes report were hints that Android 5. 0 Jelly Bean will come in two flavors: Google and Microsoft. The article said that brand vendors can either choose to adopt only Android 5. 0 or add Android 5. 0 to Windows 8 devices with the ability to switch between the two OSes without the need to shut down the computer. (Slattery, 2012) With these rumors surfacing up, it’s looking like a bright future for Android and the types of integration Google has planned for the OS among other devices. If the rumors come out to be true, Apple may have something to be worried about. Blackberry by RIM (Research In Motion) In the business world, RIM was a company that everyone knew about. Businesses from all over the world knew that if people were to have a smartphone in a business, the best choice would be a blackberry. Although RIM has lost its market share it once had, it will always be remembered as one of the best mobile OS in for a business. Blackberry is a propriety operating system developed by Research In Motion which debuted in January 1999 with version 1. 0 for the Pager Blackberry 580. Throughout the years, RIM began to continue adding new features implementing input devices such as track wheel, track ball, and most recently, the track pad and touchscreen. iOS and Android began competing for the smartphone market releasing updates for their mobile OS that in ways surpassed the capabilities and features of the once king Blackberry OS. (Kerr, 2012) In 2011, RIM released Blackberry OS 7. version which was long rumored to implement features found within other popular mobile OS. But something always plagued the Blackberry OS. Apps did not catch on within the Blackberry atmosphere as it did with the iPhone. Developers did not find it easy to develop for the OS and thought that RIM did not have the hardware support needed to have such high quality apps. RIM began finding itself lagging behind the competition and to this day are still trying to find ways to climb back up the ladder they once were. Their recent attempts with OS 7. 0 are to tie in user interface concepts found within iOS, Android, and Windows Phone. Blackberry has always been an OS to differentiate itself from the competition, but this shift seems like the wrong direction for Blackberry. Instead of trying to nibble bits and pieces of other mobile OS’s, RIM needs to find new and innovative ways that it can stand out from its competition. Windows Phone 7 by Microsoft When people from all over the world speak about operating systems, Microsoft is the giant that comes to mind within the PC industry. Microsoft is a company that revolutionized the way individuals interact with computers and the capabilities available today. But Microsoft was once the giant for the mobile OS market as it was for the PC market. Windows Mobile was developed by Microsoft and it was based off of the Windows CE kernel. It supported applications that were developed by third party developers with no imposed restrictions by Microsoft. This allowed developer to build software that the Windows platform supported while also having the opportunity to profit from the software they made available. One of the most common features within Windows Mobile was the ability to multitask and also the ability to navigate a file system that was somewhat similar to that of Windows 9x/NT. The success Microsoft once had in the smartphone market soon came to an end. With the introduction of the iPhone by Apple, every competitor saw an uphill battle. Apple grabbed many developers in order to make the mobile OS a huge success like it is today. iOS introduced new features and rich native apps that were not found in any other mobile OS. In short, Windows Mobile looked very outdated compared to iOS. The success of iOS began to dethrone Microsoft from the top spot it once had, finding itself struggling to keep up with the competition. Microsoft released many software versions of Windows Mobile throughout the years; Windows Mobile 5, 6, 6. 1, 6. 5. But each software release did not have the impact Microsoft desired it to have. Microsoft knew it had to do something, and fast. So they introduced Windows Phone 7. Windows Phone 7 is the successor of the Windows Mobile operating system. It is developed by Microsoft and was launched in the second half of 2010 and early 2011 in Asia. This mobile OS was a complete redesign to what Microsoft was doing in all of its previous years with Windows Mobile. They adapted up to date technology and development tools that were relevant in today’s modern world, such as Silverlight. Microsoft had a whole new attitude with Windows Phone 7, and their mission is to see their competitors catch up to them. Microsoft offers a new user interface with its design language, Metro, integrates the operating system with third party and other Microsoft services, and controls the hardware on which it runs. One of the newest revisions of a mobile operating system has been Microsoft’s latest attempt of Windows on smartphone. Windows Mobile was an extreme failure that simply could not catch on as much as they tried. The operating system was buggy and not very user friendly for the usual smartphone customer. Windows Phone 7 is Microsoft’s latest attempt to try and turn around the future of Windows on mobile devices. Fackler states ten reasons why he believes it has an edge over Google’s Android operating system. The first being it’s user stream-lined user interface. â€Å"With WP7, you know what kind of interface you’re going to be working with, regardless of the handset manufacturer. † Secondly, it has an easier to user interface. WP7’s â€Å"tile† system is simply easier to organize and find the things you need to throughout the day. † Thirdly, Windows Phone 7 has a less amount of apps compared to Android that are crap. â€Å"WP7’s â€Å"tile† system is simply easier to organize and find the things you need to throughout the day. † The other reasons are, Microsoft live integration, Microsoft Mobile Office integration, less lawsuits compared to Android, stability, Zune integration, snappier keyboard, and lastly, no ad-ware. All of these reasons contribute to why Fackler states Windows Phone 7 has the competitive advantage over Android. Not everyone is clearly a fan of Android, and the important thing to always remember, is that there are other options available depending on the user and how they would prefer their mobile operating system experience to be. (Fackler, 2012) WebOS by HP There are a few varieties of mobile operating systems that exist today. iOS, Android, Blackberry, and Windows Phone 7 are proving to be the more dominant mobile OS within the world. But there was an operating system that was created in the days of Palm that saw a blurry vision. Palm created webOS to compete against the iOS which is developed by Apple. WebOS was one of the first mobile operating systems from an intuitive standpoint to give iOS a run for its money. It introduced a new way for multitasking on smartphones and implemented a great strategy to do so. It was a first of its kind really on any mobile operating system. WebOS also had a feature called Synergy. What Synergy did was pull information from other networks, and integrated that information seamlessly within the OS. This was an operating system that without the necessary support it needed, later began to suffer and fell into the hands of HP. HP purchased Palm for $1. billion and the future of webOS remained a mystery. HP later confirmed that it will stop producing webOS hardware products which meant no more tablets, smartphones, etc. But that does not mark the fate of webOS. HP announced that webOS will live on as an open source platform. â€Å"HP will make the underlying code of webOS available under an open source license. Developers, partners, HP engineers and other hardware manufacturers can deliver ongoing enhancements and new versions into the marketplace. † With the OS now being open sourced, will webOS finally get the hardware it deserves? This can only increase the amount of options we have available in the mobile operating systems industry. In recent months, Hewlett Packard made the decision to make the once popular webOS mobile operating system open-source. This means that developers and hardware manufacturers will have the opportunity to manipulate the OS in ways that were limited before. But some say that the problem was never in the fact that webOS was closed source; it was webOS and its initial development from the beginning that determined the failure of the mobile OS. WebOS relied on WebKit, which is an open-source software engine used by browsers to display Web pages. Mr. Mercer said that this was a mistake because it prevented the applications to run as fast enough to be on par compared to the iPhone. â€Å"WebOS app development team said the core issue with WebOS was actually Palm’s inability to turn it into a platform that could capture the enthusiasm and loyalty of outside programmers. † WebOS was developed in about nine months, and the company according to this former employee, took some short cuts to get there. Another issue that determined the outlook of webOS was recruitment. Back in 2009, it was hard to find programmers that had a good understanding and grasped the developmental oncepts involving WebKit. Mr. Mercer said that most of the top talent was already snatched up by Apple and Google. The former employees said that Jon Rubenstein, former Palm’s chief executive, because of his hardware background, he did not understand the logistics of creating a powerful new operating system, and he was ultimately responsible for the decision to rely on WebKit. Conclusion of Mobile Operating Systems Clearly, there are many options to choose from when it comes to smartphones today, and what mobile operating system is found underneath the hardware is just as important as the hardware it runs on. OS, Android, Blackberry, Windows Phone, and WebOS are all great platforms and provide different functionalities that cater to the needs of specific individuals. iOS caters more to a consumer friendly and business market, while Android caters more to people who love the option to customize their OS a lot. These mobile OS each offer new ways for you to enjoy your mobile experience, so it’s important that you realize which would be best for your individual or business need.