The Role of Advance Practice Nursing Essay Example

The Role of Advance Practice Nursing Paper Since the beginning nursing has been characterized from various perspectives. As of late the field of advance work on nursing has developed as medical caretakers are taking on all the more testing and extensive jobs inside the social insurance field. One may characterize a development practice nurture from multiple points of view. As indicated by the Department of Regulation and Licensing in Wisconsin, and propelled practice nurture is an enlisted nurture with the accompanying accreditations: (1) holds an expert nursing permit inside the state, (2) is ensured by a national confirming authority as a medical attendant professionals, enrolled nurture anesthetist, clinical attendant pro or other nursing master and (3) an enlisted nurture who holds an advanced education by an authorize college (DRL, 2004). This definition is genuinely standard among most other nursing foundations. As a rule propelled practice attendants may not recommend drugs, however there is presently an accreditation APNs can get that permit them to endorse meds in specific examples. As indicated by the American Nurses Association and propelled practice attendant or APN is an umbrella term given to an enrolled nurture (RN) who has met progressed instructive and clinical practice necessities (ANA, 2005). We will compose a custom paper test on The Role of Advance Practice Nursing explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Role of Advance Practice Nursing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Role of Advance Practice Nursing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer An APN hence for the most part has more than 2-4 years of fundamental nursing instruction (ANA, 2005). An APN is relied upon to do more independent obligations than a conventional RN, remembering finding and treatment of patients for some cases. One may close from these two examinations then that an APN is a profoundly specific medical caretaker with cutting edge abilities in determination and treatment of sickness in addition to other things. Job of APN APNs come in numerous structures and their jobs change altogether relying upon their strength or key region of training. The more typical claims to fame or fields an attendant takes on incorporate medical caretaker experts (NP), Certified Nurse Midwifes (CNM), Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNS) and Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA) (ANA, 2005). The job of an APN fluctuates as indicated by their strength, anyway most give a huge number of administrations to patients in business settings, clinical consideration settings, retirement networks, emergency clinics and even schools (ANA, 2005). Since the vast majority know about the term nurture expert or NP, well analyze the job of a NP all the more intently. Suggested Reading  Nursing Practice A NP typically works inside a clinical setting, private office, and emergency clinic or in a nursing home (ANA, 2005). Many are represented considerable authority in a particular field like pediatrics or obstetrics. NPs lead an assortment of clinical consideration undertakings, which may incorporate analysis, thorough clinical accounts, physical assessments, translation of labs or X-beams and patient training (ANA, 2005). Medical caretaker Midwives then again give gynecologic and obstetric consideration to ladies including pre-birth care and work and conveyance care (ANA, 2005). Guaranteed nurture maternity specialists speak to one of the quickest developing territories of APN practice lately (ANA, 2005). The job of the APN likewise incorporates mental help for patients and their relatives. Attendants by and large participate in considerably more close connections with patients much of the time than essential consideration suppliers or doctors. They frequently have the chance to talk more to patients about their narratives, current condition, way of life and needs, needs and wants with respect to human services rehearses (Lumby, 2004). This cozy bond opens numerous roads for help and development inside the social insurance calling as medical caretakers start acknowledging better approaches for addressing persistent needs and offering the most elevated conceivable degree of value care. Lumby (2004) recommends that the term advance practice nurture or even medical caretaker specialist is one that is questionable at wagered in light of the fact that the term expert explicitly has as a rule been held for specialists. The creator additionally brings up that all medical attendants are specialists of nursing paying little mind to their aptitudes or ability (Lumby, 40). The creator moves the calling of nursing to concentrate on key issues, which she characterizes as building up the ability to inquire about and articulate the advancement going on inside the calling (Lumby, 41). Among the present issues confronting advance practice medical caretakers and the nursing calling as a rule incorporate discovering strategies to conveyance customer centered quality wellbeing administrations and move people perspective from a supplier driven framework to a shopper driven framework that empowers buyers to settle on educated decisions in regards to their human services (Lumby, 41). Issues and Discussion of Advance Practice Nursing Lumby makes a valid statement. It isn't close to as critical to characterize a development practice nurture all things considered to characterize what strategies, techniques and practices medical caretakers should embrace later on to drive social insurance in a shopper situated course. The social insurance industry has since quite a while ago confronted numerous emergencies none the least of which is giving satisfactory medicinal services to an undeniably various populace. Propelled practice medical caretakers, with extra preparing and increasingly particular consideration, are collaborating significantly more than RNs with patients regularly. They are assuming key jobs in the wellbeing results of patients in the short and long haul in numerous cases. Numerous APN are likewise settling on choices that at last will influence a patients long haul wellbeing and prosperity. It is significant as Lumby brings up that APNs concentrate on empowering or engaging shoppers to settle on free decisions with respect to their social insurance. Customers need to feel they are playing a functioning job in the dynamic procedure with regards to their wellbeing and prosperity. APNs can help encourage this procedure by advising patients and informing them of their decisions in a medicinal services setting. Much like a doctor most APN lead self-ruling choices when diagnosing and rewarding complex side effects in patients. APNs must not exclusively be clinically gifted at diagnosing and evaluating yet additionally incorporate significant abilities, for example, training, correspondence and initiative and carries these elements into the patient medical attendant relationship. The job of the APN will probably keep on changing with time as the social insurance measures inside the country and over the globe keep on evolving. New jobs and claims to fame inside the field of advance work on nursing will likewise rise as human services advances and changes in the forthcoming years. Ideally these progressions will at last outcome in better human services administrations and better characterized jobs for the two parental figures and patients in a social insurance setting. Moreover APNs will probably keep on confronting progressing difficulties in the medicinal services field, including difficulties introduced by working under an oversaw care framework that doesnt bear the cost of equivalent access to social insurance to all individuals in the states. APNs should keep on working together intently with associates and doctors as well as with individuals from the network and patients to widen their experience and grow new strategies for addressing customers needs in as Lumby calls it, an inexorably buyer driven practice. Book index : ANA. Propelled work on nursing: another age in human services. 1997 American Nurses Association. 23 Sept 2005: http://www. nursingworld. organization/readroom/fsadvprc. htm DRL. (2004 Jan). DRL Advanced Practice Nurse Prescriber. January 8, 2004. Wisconsin Department of Regulation and Licensing. 24, Sept 2005: http://drl. wi. gov/prof/nura/def. htm Lumby, J. (2000). Clinical difficulties: Focus on nursing. St. Lenoards, Allen ; Unwin.

Working Environment and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working Environment and Family - Essay Example The key issue that has been tended to in this book is the development of increment in number of working ladies, who have for the most part little youngsters. The relationship of working moms in this hair-pulling condition to legitimize among remaining task at hand and family duties is the fundamental zone of conversation. Various kinds of social parameters have broke down to get the substance of this social issue. Parameters incorporates the pace of destitution per family, low birth weight rates, pregnancies in adolescent ages, premature births proportion, death rates especially among small kids and newborn children and the aftereffect of eight-graders especially in arithmetic and science. For what reason are private arrangements lacking to address the work/family needs of Americans, the two guys and females are moving towards workplace. Regardless of global partnerships, Non-administrative associations, Food chains, departmental stores or some other. The irregularity has obviously observed among all the fields on the off chance that, we intently watch the work/family needs everything being equal. This issue has not been distinguished or seen by the businesses. For the most part the arrangements offered by the vast majority of the privately owned businesses are not genius representative rather they are progressively engaged towards efficiency or organization requests.

The Taste of Health

The Taste of Health Its 2 a.m. and Im hemming and hacking in a nondescript motel room somewhere in rural Georgia. The heater beneath the rooms lone window thrums continuously. Its below freezing outside. Moonlight is sneaking through a crack in the curtains. Ryan is lying in the other bed, snoring lightly, wearing earplugs to shield himself from my latenight coughs. Fortunately, this is my last night fighting this battle. You see, I never get sick. Well, I never get sick unless I eat junk food. But I never eat junk food. Well, okay, I  dont usually  eat junk food. But I did earlier this month. A lot. And boy oh boy did I pay the price. My diet is typically pristine. I avoid the bad-food trinity: bread, sugar, and processed foods. But earlier this month I gave in to all three, eating fancy desserts and artisan breads and specialty ice cream. I figured I could indulge before starting the tour. Damn it, I was wrong, and I suffered accordingly. Two days before leaving Montana, The Minimalists were scheduled to deliver the keynote address at TEDxWhitefish. On the eve of our presentation, though, I developed strep throat and couldnt speak without sounding like a poor imitation of Marlon Brando in the Godfather.  However, I was able to pull throughâ€"the adrenaline (read: fear) of the stage and its bright lights opened my vocal cords for a few necessary minutes. But of course the problems didnt stop there. Next, as Ryan and I set out on our 2,600-mile trek to Florida, influenza began to work its way through my body. Every muscle ached. Misery overwhelmed my existence for several days. But of course the problems didnt stop there, either. As the flu worked its murderous course, a respiratory infection arrived at my motel doorstop, making it hard to breathe. Coughing kept me awake each night, and because the Nyquil was ineffective in muting my midnight coughs, I was grateful for the codeine a Nebraskan doctor prescribed. But of course the problems didnt even stop there. When I woke after my first decent sleep in over a week, I was covered in hives. Turns out Im allergic to codeine. Ive never felt itchier in my life. (Bonus lesson: Dont Scratch the Itch.) The last two weeksve felt protracted. Each interview for the book tour, every mile driven, each sleepless nightâ€"everything has moved slowly.  No one should feel bad for me, though.  I take full responsibility for my bad choices.  In reality, I didnt  get  sick. Rather, I invited the sickness in. When I established the conditions for a virus to thrive, the virus showed up and hung out a while. He even invited some friends. Thankfully, I recovered by the time we made it to the Sunshine State, and now Im back on the good-food wagon.  Truth be told, no food is worth feeling as nasty as Ive felt recently. Nothing tastes as good as being healthy feels. The decisions we make today are not ephemeral. Our current decisions, even the small ones, impact our future selves. If we want to feel great tomorrow, we better make the right decisions right now. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Has the sociological function of the mass media been affected by modern technological developments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2650 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? For instance, do the plethora of ways of finding and reporting news, through online forums, blogs, YouTube, etc., available to the average citizen undermine the hegemonic role of traditional news media in this regard? Discuss from a functionalist, Marxist or other sociological perspective. Introduction The mass media plays a major role in todays society. Functionalism emphasises its strength, but warns of the danger of having its power controlled by a few individuals or organisations. That hegemony was threatened with the creation of the World Wide Web. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Has the sociological function of the mass media been affected by modern technological developments?" essay for you Create order Twenty-first century internet technology now offers any citizen the potential to reach an audience of millions. The key sociological concepts for analysing the impact of the media are long-established, and later commentators often reinterpret existing theories rather than offering new perspectives. Two macro-theories, both viewing society as a system shaping human behaviour, dominate discussions: the functionalist stance and the Marxist-oriented conflict perspectives. This essay will draw on Parsons, Merton, and Wright to present the classic functionalist viewpoint. Conflict theory offers several interpretations of Marxism, which serves as a critique. This essay will detail the popularity of the most frequently-accessed mainstream websites and consider social medias role in news-gathering and dissemination. Examples of traditional and modern media coverage will illustrate changing attitudes and societal mores and the capacity of social media to precipitate change, before using a functional analysis to assess if the sociological function of the mass media has been affected by modern technological developments. Social theory and the media Functionalism, a structural perspective and a leading sociological stance of the 1940s and 1950s, regards society as an interdependent system that can only be understood by examining how separate structural parts relate to each other and to society as a whole. The traditional mass media, principally newspapers and cinema, reached their zenith during this era so it is unsurprising that sociologists used functionalism to analyse the media and society. Functionalism makes certain assumptions, including the need for stability, and examines the origin and maintenance of order and stability in society (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004: xv). Functionalism suggests that the mass medias common perspective and shared common experience bind society together. Parsons (1964) argued that societal behaviour is governed by shared values that become societal norms, a value-consensus which enables society to function effectively. Functionalism being value-neutral, disruptive activities are dysfunctio nal rather than intrinsically bad; defunct values become extinct.   Merton (1968), remaining within the functionalist tradition, felt that functional unity was unlikely in complex societies and that all functions, whether of religion, social stratification or even the family itself, could be met elsewhere within society. He distinguished between manifest (intended) and latent (hidden/unintended) functions of the media. A manifest function could be the need to sell goods for profit. The latent functions included supporting the status quo by reinforcing values. (Merton, 1968). Charles Wright developed what became known as the classic four functions of the media. He stated that media theorists noted three activities of communication specialists: (1) surveillance of the environment, (2) correlation of the parts of society in responding to the environment, and (3) transmission of the social heritage from one generation to the next (Wright, 1959:16). He also identified a fourth element -entertainment and distinguished between the intended purpose of the mass media and its consequences. Whereas functionalists believe that societal norms govern human behaviour, Marxists argue that the controlling factor is the economic system. They offer a conflict perspective where the mass media legitimises the status quo, enabling hegemonic control over the dissemination of information. Marx argued that members of the elite produced the dominant societal ideas to conceal exploitation of the working class while the mass media manipulated information to normalise inequality (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Functionalism has also been critiqued on the grounds that the value-sets presumed to characterise Western society have never been conclusively demonstrated, and the content of values rather than value-consensus as such can be seen as the crucial factor with respect to social order (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004:943). Old and New Mass media The time lag between reporting and printing left newspapers a day behind in publishing events; the visual impact of television was immediate. The Vietnam War was the first televised conflict. The iconic image of nine-year-old Kim Phuc running naked down a road outside Saigon following a napalm attack helped to turn public opinion against continued American involvement (Newton and Patterson, 2015). In the world of the traditional media, the internets potential impact was underestimated by commentators such as Clifford Stoll. Writing in Newsweek he said: The truth is no online database will replace your daily newspaper [and] no computer network will change the way government works (Stoll, 1995). He was quite clearly wrong on both counts, but at that time few people had access to the new form of media that had been developed by enthusiastic amateurs, academics and students. (Rheingold, 1994). According to Pew Research (2015), Yahoo the worlds biggest on-line news service attracte d 127,995,000 unique visitors in January 2015.   A Google search of the traditional media reveals that the BBC warrants an impressive 793,000,000 Google listings while The Times newspaper has 398,000,000. However, these numbers are dwarfed by social media listings. YouTube has 7,540,000,000 entries, Twitter has 11,350,000,000 and Facebook tops the poll with 15,050,000,000 (Information retrieved 27.8.2015). Furthermore, on Monday 24th August 2015, it was reported that one billion people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one seventh of the worlds population à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" logged into their Facebook accounts (Zuckerberg, 2015). Digital communication normalises rapid dissemination of information. Anyone with a smart phone can potentially break a major news story; the first images of the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre in 2001 came from mobile phone footage. Micro-blogging is event-driven; Twitter provides users with a regular feed of news and trivia. Stories which are re-tweeted o r commented on frequently are said to be trending. However, with a limit of 140 characters per tweet, brevity still rules occasionally, just as it did when news of the Crimean War was transmitted to Britain via telegraph. Discussion Historically, a comparatively small group of people working for an even smaller and more exclusive group of newspaper, film and broadcasting organisations gathered information. They determined what should be made public and how it should be presented. Deciding what to omit was probably as important as deciding what should be included; stories presenting the establishment in a negative light were often suppressed. Certain reports, decades apart but linked by a common thread, bridge the gap between traditional media and the digital age and illustrate changing attitudes in Britain. During the 1936 Abdication Crisis, despite it being widely disseminated elsewhere, British media initially ignored the affair between Edward VIII and Mrs. Simpson out of deference to King George V (Rubenstein, 2003:199). However, less deference was shown to Princess Margaret; MP Willie Hamilton, who regularly raised the issue of the royal finances in the House of Commons, described her as a floosie.. a m onstrous charge on the public purse. (Davies, 2002, np). The rise of celebrity culture also gave rise to the paparazzi, an independent cohort of photojournalists, who followed and photographed members of the royal family at every opportunity. Earl Spencers passionate oration at the funeral of his sister, Princess Diana, blamed the paparazzi for her death, describing Diana as the most hunted person of the modern age (Princess Diana 97, 1997). More recently, compromising pictures of Prince Harry on a trip to Las Vegas were circulated on-line by US celebrity website TMZ.com (TMZ, 2012). What used to be news is now entertainment. There are a number of potential dangers in the functions of the media. Analysis accompanying factual reporting influences public opinion, but unchallenged norms and values can perpetuate injustice; one only has to recall the portrayal of racial minorities in 1950s media. Entertainment may double as propaganda, as in the jingoistic films released during WWII. Nevertheless, deciding what information goes into the public arena may still have hegemonic undertones, as demonstrated by a BBC Newsnight investigation into Jimmy Savile. This was pulled shortly before a tribute programme to the late celebrity, believed to have abused hundreds of children, was due for broadcast. Members of the investigation team were sidelined amid allegations of a management cover-up (Jackson, 2015). Wrights observation distinguishing between intended and unintended consequences of the media is particularly relevant to the new social media. In late 2010, mass demonstrations against political repression, poverty and corruption swept the Middle East during the short-lived Arab Spring uprising. The authorities were unable to suppress the outflow of information via social media. The Tunisian government was the first to fall. The hegemony of their state-approved news agencies had been completely undermined. However, organisations such as ISIS also use social media to spread their message, recruit followers and boast of their horrific accomplishments (Ajbaili, 2014). From the value-neutral functionalist stance (Wright, 1974) this is not evil but merely dysfunctional when viewed from the paradigm of Western culture; ISIS is communicating, commenting and sharing its value system to gain wider acceptance of its fundamentalist values. Contrary to Stolls predictions (Stoll, 1995) internet usage proliferated. Some functions of the new media, such as gathering and disseminating information, clearly descend from their traditional forbearers, but news is a globalised and a 24/7 product which has given rise to a cult of celebrity (Hollander, 2010). Gatekeepers cannot determine what constitutes news when a story may go viral without warning, although unedited on-line content can be disturbing. Recently, the world was appalled by the murders on live television of a reporter and cameraman, in an attack filmed by the gunman and later circulated by him on social media. Such incidents bring into question the wisdom of facilitating unmediated access to what was once the airwaves. However, that particular discussion is beyond the scope of this essay. Social media has been proven to instigate social change. The viral impact of the YouTube video Kodaikanal Wont forced Unilever to clear mercury waste from its disused factory in Tamil Nadu (Kasmin, 2015). Social movements such as anti-globalisation campaigners use social media very effectively to spread their message. Charities and NGOs regularly harness its power and it is said that U.S. President Barack Obama owed his election success to his teams mastery of social media. Only this week, the image of a lifeless Aylan Kurdi, the three-year old Syrian refugee washed up on a Turkish beach, galvanised public opinion worldwide, although one fears that effective political action to resolve the refugee crisis may take rather longer. Mainstream broadcasters have embraced social media, rout inely incorporating audience participation by inviting comment via Twitter, text or e-mail. They have websites, Twitter feeds, and Facebook pages, as do organisations or individuals wishing to raise their public profile. Printed media struggles with falling sales, but on-line services stream news, opinion and entertainment directly into the family home, traditionally seen as the location for the transmission of cultural values. Mesch cautions that: The introduction of new technologies such as the internet into the household can potentially change the quality of family relationships (Mesch, 2006:119, cited in McGrath, 2012:9). This impact is particularly strong on children growing up with digital media, quite literally, at their fingertips, and a trend towards individualisation within households is undermining natural family interaction (Buckingham 2000:43). Discussion of the functions fulfilled by family life is beyond the scope of this essay, but the issue highlights concerns over whether communications via the new social media have become a substitute for face-to-face interaction and whether social media can in fact, sustain the social fabric of traditional family life and, by implication, society as we know it across the generations. Although one would sincerely hope otherwise, Mertons (1968) analysis suggesting the possible extinction of functional family life could be prophetic. Conclusion Functionalists have been criticised for seeing social order in terms of value-consensus on the grounds that consensus is presumed, not proven, to exist. Critics also note that research has not demonstrated widespread commitment to the value-sets assumed to underpin Western society, and suggest that value-content is the crucial factor (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Marxism argues that functionalism does not explain social conflict, and sees the mass media as another tool used by the elite to maintain their power and privilege. Social media news content is clearly not controlled in the conventional sense and posts can disturb the status quo, influencing political and social change. This strength has diminished hegemony, although organisations such as the BBC still exert editorial control over the old media. Ideologically-driven campaigns of the left such as the anti-globalisation movement have been able to use social media to publicise their activities as never before. The differ ences between opposing sets of cultural values are brought into sharp focus as social media follows events in the Middle East and elsewhere, bringing our unstable, i.e. dysfunctional world into our homes. McGrath (2012) cautions that social media could have far-reaching impacts on family life; Merton (1968) posited that any function, including that of the family unit itself, was dispensable and that society would always find an alternative. These issues cannot be discussed here but they clearly warrant investigation. On reflection, news may be trivial or disturbing, the message may travel faster and further and the values transmitted may be radically different from those of previous generations, but despite social medias impact, its functions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" gathering and disseminating news, transmitting culture and entertaining have remained consistent. It is the changing value-content which is disconcerting, but functional analysis necessitates a distinction between functio ns and effects so it cannot offer a value judgement. Bibliography Ajbaili, M (2014). How ISIS conquered social media in Al Arabiya News, 24th June 2014. Available at https://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/digital/2014/06/24/How-has-ISIS-conquered-social-media-.html. Retrieved 28.8.2015. Buckingham, David, 2000. After the death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. USA: Blackwell Publishing Limited. Davies, C (2002). A captivating woman who was courted by many suitors but failed to find everlasting love. In The Telegraph, 11th February 2002. Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1384451/A-captivating-woman-who-was-courted-by-many-suitors-but-failed-to-find-lasting-love.html. Retrieved 6.9.2015. Haralambos, M, and Holborn, M (2004) Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London, HarperCollins. Hollander, P (2010).   Why the Celebrity Cult?   in Society, Vol 47 pages 388 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 391.   Available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12115-010-9348-9#.   Retri eved 8.9.2015. Jackson, J, 2015. BBC forced out team behind Savile exposÃÆ' ©, says ex-Newsnight journalist in The Guardian, 29th July 2015. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jul/29/bbc-savile-expose-newsnight-meirion-jones. Retrieved 29th August 2015. Kasmin,A, 2015. Social Media proves its power as Unilever feels the heat in Financial Times, 9/8/2015. Available at https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0ec249f6-3ce9-11e5-8613-07d16aad2152.html#axzz3lc2qXKhpr Retrieved 27/8/2015 McGrath, S (2012) The Impact of New Media Technologies on Social Interaction in the Household. Available at https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/sites/default/files/assets/document/SiobhanMcGrath.pdf Retrieved 29.8.2015 Merton, R (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure, (enlarged edition) New York, The Free Press Newton, P, and Patterson, T (2015). The Girl in the picture: Kim Phucs journey from war to forgiveness. In CNN online, 20th. August 2015. Available at edition.cnn .com/2015/06/22/world/kim-phuc-where-is-she-now/ . Retrieved 5.9.2015. Parsons, T (1964). Essays in Sociological Theory. New York, The Free Press. Pew Research (2015) Digital Top 50 online news entities 2015. Available at https://www.journalism.org/media-indicators/digital-top-50-online-news-entities-2015/. Retrieved 5.9.2015. Princess Diana 97 (1997). Princess Dianas funeral Part 17: Earl Spencers Tribute. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VUy-wBwBvw Retrieved 6.9.2015 Rheingold, H (1994). The Virtual Community. Finding connection in a computerised world. London, Secker and Warburg. Rubenstein, W (2003). Twentieth Century Britain: A Political History. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan Stoll, C (1995) Why the Web wont be Nirvana. In Newsweek, 26.2.1995. Available at https://www.newsweek.com/cliffor-stoll-why-web-wont-be-nirvana-185306 Retrieved 27.8.2015. TMZ.com (2012) Prince Harry nude pics surface from Las Vegas Trip 21.8.2012. Available at (https://ww w.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/21/prince-harry-nude-pics-photos_n_1820333.html Retrieved 6.9.2015.  Ãƒâ€š Wright, C (1959) Mass Communication: A Sociological Perspective. New York, Random House Wright, C (1974). Functional analysis and mass communication revisited in Blumer, J, and Katz, E (eds) The uses of mass communications (pp 197 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 212). Beverley Hills, Sage Publications. Available at https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/8 Retrieved 27.8.2015 Zuckerberg, M (2015) cited in One Billion People used Facebook on Monday. Sky News report, 28.8.2015. Available at https://news.sky.com/story/1542868/one-billion-people-used-facebook-on-monday Retrieved 28.8.2015

The Human Rights Of The United Nations - 2236 Words

I Introduction The term ‘human rights’ is difficult to define, but generally they are regarded as those fundamental and inalienable rights which are essential for life. They are rights inherent, interdependent, and indivisible to all human beings. This means they cannot be granted or taken away and include rights such as civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Each act of torture and ill-treatment, inflicted by one human being upon another, permanently scars all those touched by it and destroys our sense of common humanity. Consequently, the prohibition of torture and other forms of ill-treatments is universally recognised and is enshrined in all of the major international and regional human rights instruments. It is also†¦show more content†¦In particular, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Torture Convention) which is monitored and supervised by the Committee Against Torture (CAT) will be examined. Furthermore, the paper will address the reasons as to why such treaty bodies are characterised as quasi-judicial dispute resolution mechanisms, and outline the extent to which their decisions are legally binding on State. II The UN Framework The UN is an intergovernmental organisation established in 1945 in the aftermath of the Second World War to help promote peace, security and stabilise international relations; and is made up of six main bodies, under which multiple subsidiary organisations operate. The UN Charter officially came into force on 24 October 1945, and includes almost every nation in the world. As stated in Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter, all member of the UN have pledged themselves to respect and promote human rights. With respect to promoting human rights, the UN system is a fundamental component of the international human rights framework. Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, a wide array of human rights norms have been developed. The UN has helped to enact many comprehensive agreements on political, civil, economic, social and cultural

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Free Essays

â€Å"Uh-oh,† I murmured, staring at the empty grass where a body used to be. The ground was still dark with blood. Otherwise I might have thought we were in the middle of a shared delusion, and there’d never been any dead sheriff at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Where? What?† Nic drew his gun and turned in a slow circle, eyes searching the forest. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"There’s no one,† I said. â€Å"But – † He stalked around the body, took a few steps into the woods. â€Å"There aren’t any drag marks. I didn’t hear anything.† He was still thinking in human terms. I could hardly blame him. â€Å"That’s because no one dragged him away.† â€Å"They had to – â€Å" â€Å"No, they didn’t.† My insistence finally penetrated his confusion. He put away his gun. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"I have no idea, but I’m thinking supernatural. Can I use your phone?† He stared at the empty space as if the body might appear as miraculously as it had disappeared. No such luck. â€Å"Nic?† I pressed. â€Å"The phone?† He handed it to me, then went back to staring. I dialed Edward, got voice mail, left a message. â€Å"Call me at – † I frowned, then snapped my fingers in front of Nic’s nose. â€Å"Number?† He recited it and I did the same, then called Jessie and relayed the news. â€Å"Guess that explains where the dead bodies have gone,† she said. â€Å"Where?† Silence met my question. â€Å"Well, maybe it doesn’t explain it, but – Hell, I don’t know.† â€Å"Are you coming back?† I asked. â€Å"Can’t. According to the authorities I’ve talked to in Minnesota, they’ve got a major wolf problem only we can solve, if you get my drift.† â€Å"Leigh and Damien?† â€Å"Serious shit going on in Washington, too. They’ve got their hands full. I’d swear there was a full moon.† I glanced at the sky where the silver orb wavered, appearing slightly off balance, not at all full. Weird. â€Å"Did you call Edward?† she asked. â€Å"Voice mail.† â€Å"Figures.† â€Å"What should I do?† â€Å"Deal with it. You’re a Jger-Sucher.† â€Å"Not really. I’ve never had to handle a case.† â€Å"You do now. Just wing it.† â€Å"I’m not the winging-it type.† â€Å"Change.† Jessie hung up. â€Å"Hell,† I muttered. â€Å"What did she say?† â€Å"Wing it?† â€Å"Hell,† Nic repeated. â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"I’d better contact the ME,† Nic said, â€Å"tell him to call off the coroner’s wagon. Although how I’m going to explain a missing body I have no idea.† I handed Nic his phone, then stared at the blood-drenched ground. I hadn’t a clue where to start. A few minutes later, Nic joined me. â€Å"What did you tell him?† I asked. â€Å"The truth.† â€Å"What!† â€Å"Not the whole truth. Take a breath.† Nic shook his head. â€Å"I said the body was missing. Since that appears to be an epidemic around here, the doctor wasn’t surprised.† Silence settled over the clearing, broken only by the sounds of the night. â€Å"I guess you can go,† I said. â€Å"Nothing natural here.† â€Å"No.† I glanced at him in surprise. â€Å"Why would you stay?† â€Å"I don’t leave the scene of a murder, even if the body does. That’s not how we do things in the FBI.† â€Å"You come across a lot of disappearing bodies in the FBI, do you?† â€Å"That’s beside the point.† â€Å"You can’t tell them what’s going on here.† â€Å"No shit. I’d be on the next transport to a little white room.† In truth, I wanted Nic to stay. I had no idea what to do. Not that he’d know any better how to figure out why a body – or ten – had disappeared into thin air. But at least he was someone who had dealt with death before. Still, there were other issues we had to get straight before we could work together. â€Å"We can’t – â€Å" â€Å"Sleep together anymore?† he snapped. â€Å"I figured that out for myself, Elise.† â€Å"I was going to say ‘keep sniping at each other,’ but that, too.† There was no way I would continue an affair with a man who found me disgusting – especially when I still loved him. I might be pathetic, but I wasn’t stupid. â€Å"Fine.† His jaw tightened. â€Å"We’ll work together.† I held out my hand. â€Å"But nothing else.† He stared at my palm for several seconds, then spun on his heel and headed into the trees. â€Å"I’ll take that as a yes,† I shouted at his retreating back. The ride back to Fairhaven was silent. We reached town about 3 a.m. â€Å"Looks like the deputy’s back,† Nic murmured, eyes on the sheriff’s office, where every light blazed. â€Å"Guess we should tell him he’s been promoted,† I said. â€Å"Mmm. He’s not going to be happy.† â€Å"Why not?† I let my gaze wander over the quiet, peaceful street. â€Å"Fairhaven seems a decent place to be a sheriff.† â€Å"It was.† â€Å"He’s a cop. He’ll do his job.† â€Å"I don’t doubt he will. But small towns usually hire retired law-enforcement officers – old men who don’t want any more hassles.† â€Å"Oh,† I muttered, understanding why Basil might not be thrilled to learn of his sudden promotion to head cop of a town with serious troubles. Nic stopped the car, shut off the motor. â€Å"I don’t think we’re supposed to actually tell him what’s going on,† I returned. â€Å"We don’t know what’s going on.† â€Å"Then there shouldn’t be any problem. But werewolves, disappearing bodies. Let’s just keep that to ourselves, shall we?† â€Å"What if we just tell him what we know? As little as that is.† â€Å"Rule number one,† I recited. â€Å"No truth for civilians. They panic, then they call the press. The National Enquirer would be a real pain right now.† â€Å"I suppose.† I got out of the car. Nic followed and together we climbed the steps to the sheriff’s office. â€Å"But I don’t like keeping law-enforcement officials in the dark. This guy should know what he’s facing.† I reached for the door just as it opened, and I nearly fell into the man on the other side. He wasn’t old. Though at least twenty-one, since he was a deputy, Basil Moore appeared much younger. His long, wheat-shaded hair was tied in a ponytail. His cheekbones were high and sharp, his eyes bright green. He could have been a model, except for the scar that bisected his right cheek. What a waste. Then again, the scar gave him the air of a pirate in a modern world. The perfection’s marring only seemed to highlight how perfect he was. â€Å"Deputy.† I straightened. â€Å"I’m Elise Hanover. This is Dominic Franklin.† â€Å"FBI,† Nic said, offering his hand, and in doing so, including me as one of them. I let it pass. If Basil thought I was FBI, that saved a lot of questions as to what I actually was. â€Å"More FBI?† Basil asked, shaking Nic’s hand, then nodding to me. â€Å"More?† Nic asked. â€Å"That tall gal and the Injun.† His lip curled. â€Å"Too damned friendly, if ya ask me. What the hell’s she thinking?† I recalled Will’s description of Basil – not an Indian lover. I’d heard people like him existed, but I hadn’t really believed it. Basil kept on talking in a striking bass voice that would have been lovely if he hadn’t been such a racist. â€Å"They were FBI, too. Why on earth the government would hire a red man, I have no idea.† Nic glared at me and I shrugged. I wasn’t surprised Jessie and Will and probably Edward, too, had identified themselves as FBI. We lied all the time so we could do our jobs with the least amount of questions asked. Besides, our usual lies – we were with the DNR, there was rabies, and so on – wouldn’t work in Fairhaven. There weren’t any wolves. â€Å"Yes, well – † Nic cleared his throat. â€Å"Will and Jessie found Sheriff Stephenson.† â€Å"I’d hope so since I told them exactly where he was.† â€Å"You didn’t tell them he’d be dead.† Basil blinked. â€Å"Dead?† â€Å"As in ‘not alive,'† I offered. Nic threw me a quelling stare, and I shut my mouth. â€Å"I guess that makes you the acting sheriff,† Nic continued. â€Å"Where have you been? I’ve been calling since the body was discovered.† â€Å"I was talkin’ to some folks around town. They’re upset. People disappear, and they start whisperin’ about black magic, Devil worship, witches.† Basil’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"You think something like that is going on in Fairhaven?† â€Å"Nothing like that,† I muttered. â€Å"Should I grab Dr. Watchry and head to the crime scene?† Basil asked. â€Å"The doctor’s been there already. He examined the body. Before – † Nic broke off and Basil sighed. â€Å"Gone again?† â€Å"I’m afraid so.† â€Å"Don’t suppose anyone saw who stole it this time.† â€Å"One minute it was there,† I said, â€Å"the next, poof.† Nic lifted a brow in my direction. I ignored him. People hear what they want to hear, and Basil was no different. â€Å"I wish I knew who this crazy was, and how he managed to steal bodies with no one seein’ him.† â€Å"Mmm,† I agreed. â€Å"What was Sheriff Stephenson doing out there?† Nic asked. â€Å"Report of a grave desecration. Happens sometimes, here and around. Usually kids.† â€Å"Has it been happening a lot lately?† â€Å"No more than usual.† â€Å"And what’s usual for something like that?† â€Å"Now and again. Few times a year maybe.† â€Å"Hmm,† Nic muttered. I understood his concern. Anything odd, especially anything odd that had to do with the dead, was cause for inquiry – both in his world and mine. â€Å"I didn’t see any graves. Did you?† Nic asked. I shook my head. â€Å"There are graves all over the woods,† Basil said. â€Å"Folks buried their dead wherever they dropped in the old days.† â€Å"That’s true,† I agreed. â€Å"And this grave?† Nic pressed. â€Å"Whose was it? Who called and said it had been disturbed?† Basil shrugged. â€Å"I didn’t take the call, but from the location I’d say that was the Anderson homestead. You’d have to look at the plot maps to be sure.† â€Å"I’d also like to see the paperwork,† Nic said. â€Å"Paperwork?† â€Å"On the grave desecrations. Just point me in the right direction.† â€Å"I can’t think that there’s paperwork on something so simple.† I understood Basil’s confusion. Though murders were rare, mischief was not. Bored kids did a lot of drinking in the woods, at the end of dead-end roads, on dusty trails, then they got into trouble. Until recently, a little grave-digging was probably the most excitement anyone got in Fairhaven. â€Å"I suppose this means you Feds are going to be taking over the case,† Basil murmured. Nic and I glanced at each other. â€Å"Yes,† I said. â€Å"That’s exactly what it means.† How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty, Essay examples

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Free Essays

â€Å"Uh-oh,† I murmured, staring at the empty grass where a body used to be. The ground was still dark with blood. Otherwise I might have thought we were in the middle of a shared delusion, and there’d never been any dead sheriff at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Where? What?† Nic drew his gun and turned in a slow circle, eyes searching the forest. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"There’s no one,† I said. â€Å"But – † He stalked around the body, took a few steps into the woods. â€Å"There aren’t any drag marks. I didn’t hear anything.† He was still thinking in human terms. I could hardly blame him. â€Å"That’s because no one dragged him away.† â€Å"They had to – â€Å" â€Å"No, they didn’t.† My insistence finally penetrated his confusion. He put away his gun. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"I have no idea, but I’m thinking supernatural. Can I use your phone?† He stared at the empty space as if the body might appear as miraculously as it had disappeared. No such luck. â€Å"Nic?† I pressed. â€Å"The phone?† He handed it to me, then went back to staring. I dialed Edward, got voice mail, left a message. â€Å"Call me at – † I frowned, then snapped my fingers in front of Nic’s nose. â€Å"Number?† He recited it and I did the same, then called Jessie and relayed the news. â€Å"Guess that explains where the dead bodies have gone,† she said. â€Å"Where?† Silence met my question. â€Å"Well, maybe it doesn’t explain it, but – Hell, I don’t know.† â€Å"Are you coming back?† I asked. â€Å"Can’t. According to the authorities I’ve talked to in Minnesota, they’ve got a major wolf problem only we can solve, if you get my drift.† â€Å"Leigh and Damien?† â€Å"Serious shit going on in Washington, too. They’ve got their hands full. I’d swear there was a full moon.† I glanced at the sky where the silver orb wavered, appearing slightly off balance, not at all full. Weird. â€Å"Did you call Edward?† she asked. â€Å"Voice mail.† â€Å"Figures.† â€Å"What should I do?† â€Å"Deal with it. You’re a Jger-Sucher.† â€Å"Not really. I’ve never had to handle a case.† â€Å"You do now. Just wing it.† â€Å"I’m not the winging-it type.† â€Å"Change.† Jessie hung up. â€Å"Hell,† I muttered. â€Å"What did she say?† â€Å"Wing it?† â€Å"Hell,† Nic repeated. â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"I’d better contact the ME,† Nic said, â€Å"tell him to call off the coroner’s wagon. Although how I’m going to explain a missing body I have no idea.† I handed Nic his phone, then stared at the blood-drenched ground. I hadn’t a clue where to start. A few minutes later, Nic joined me. â€Å"What did you tell him?† I asked. â€Å"The truth.† â€Å"What!† â€Å"Not the whole truth. Take a breath.† Nic shook his head. â€Å"I said the body was missing. Since that appears to be an epidemic around here, the doctor wasn’t surprised.† Silence settled over the clearing, broken only by the sounds of the night. â€Å"I guess you can go,† I said. â€Å"Nothing natural here.† â€Å"No.† I glanced at him in surprise. â€Å"Why would you stay?† â€Å"I don’t leave the scene of a murder, even if the body does. That’s not how we do things in the FBI.† â€Å"You come across a lot of disappearing bodies in the FBI, do you?† â€Å"That’s beside the point.† â€Å"You can’t tell them what’s going on here.† â€Å"No shit. I’d be on the next transport to a little white room.† In truth, I wanted Nic to stay. I had no idea what to do. Not that he’d know any better how to figure out why a body – or ten – had disappeared into thin air. But at least he was someone who had dealt with death before. Still, there were other issues we had to get straight before we could work together. â€Å"We can’t – â€Å" â€Å"Sleep together anymore?† he snapped. â€Å"I figured that out for myself, Elise.† â€Å"I was going to say ‘keep sniping at each other,’ but that, too.† There was no way I would continue an affair with a man who found me disgusting – especially when I still loved him. I might be pathetic, but I wasn’t stupid. â€Å"Fine.† His jaw tightened. â€Å"We’ll work together.† I held out my hand. â€Å"But nothing else.† He stared at my palm for several seconds, then spun on his heel and headed into the trees. â€Å"I’ll take that as a yes,† I shouted at his retreating back. The ride back to Fairhaven was silent. We reached town about 3 a.m. â€Å"Looks like the deputy’s back,† Nic murmured, eyes on the sheriff’s office, where every light blazed. â€Å"Guess we should tell him he’s been promoted,† I said. â€Å"Mmm. He’s not going to be happy.† â€Å"Why not?† I let my gaze wander over the quiet, peaceful street. â€Å"Fairhaven seems a decent place to be a sheriff.† â€Å"It was.† â€Å"He’s a cop. He’ll do his job.† â€Å"I don’t doubt he will. But small towns usually hire retired law-enforcement officers – old men who don’t want any more hassles.† â€Å"Oh,† I muttered, understanding why Basil might not be thrilled to learn of his sudden promotion to head cop of a town with serious troubles. Nic stopped the car, shut off the motor. â€Å"I don’t think we’re supposed to actually tell him what’s going on,† I returned. â€Å"We don’t know what’s going on.† â€Å"Then there shouldn’t be any problem. But werewolves, disappearing bodies. Let’s just keep that to ourselves, shall we?† â€Å"What if we just tell him what we know? As little as that is.† â€Å"Rule number one,† I recited. â€Å"No truth for civilians. They panic, then they call the press. The National Enquirer would be a real pain right now.† â€Å"I suppose.† I got out of the car. Nic followed and together we climbed the steps to the sheriff’s office. â€Å"But I don’t like keeping law-enforcement officials in the dark. This guy should know what he’s facing.† I reached for the door just as it opened, and I nearly fell into the man on the other side. He wasn’t old. Though at least twenty-one, since he was a deputy, Basil Moore appeared much younger. His long, wheat-shaded hair was tied in a ponytail. His cheekbones were high and sharp, his eyes bright green. He could have been a model, except for the scar that bisected his right cheek. What a waste. Then again, the scar gave him the air of a pirate in a modern world. The perfection’s marring only seemed to highlight how perfect he was. â€Å"Deputy.† I straightened. â€Å"I’m Elise Hanover. This is Dominic Franklin.† â€Å"FBI,† Nic said, offering his hand, and in doing so, including me as one of them. I let it pass. If Basil thought I was FBI, that saved a lot of questions as to what I actually was. â€Å"More FBI?† Basil asked, shaking Nic’s hand, then nodding to me. â€Å"More?† Nic asked. â€Å"That tall gal and the Injun.† His lip curled. â€Å"Too damned friendly, if ya ask me. What the hell’s she thinking?† I recalled Will’s description of Basil – not an Indian lover. I’d heard people like him existed, but I hadn’t really believed it. Basil kept on talking in a striking bass voice that would have been lovely if he hadn’t been such a racist. â€Å"They were FBI, too. Why on earth the government would hire a red man, I have no idea.† Nic glared at me and I shrugged. I wasn’t surprised Jessie and Will and probably Edward, too, had identified themselves as FBI. We lied all the time so we could do our jobs with the least amount of questions asked. Besides, our usual lies – we were with the DNR, there was rabies, and so on – wouldn’t work in Fairhaven. There weren’t any wolves. â€Å"Yes, well – † Nic cleared his throat. â€Å"Will and Jessie found Sheriff Stephenson.† â€Å"I’d hope so since I told them exactly where he was.† â€Å"You didn’t tell them he’d be dead.† Basil blinked. â€Å"Dead?† â€Å"As in ‘not alive,'† I offered. Nic threw me a quelling stare, and I shut my mouth. â€Å"I guess that makes you the acting sheriff,† Nic continued. â€Å"Where have you been? I’ve been calling since the body was discovered.† â€Å"I was talkin’ to some folks around town. They’re upset. People disappear, and they start whisperin’ about black magic, Devil worship, witches.† Basil’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"You think something like that is going on in Fairhaven?† â€Å"Nothing like that,† I muttered. â€Å"Should I grab Dr. Watchry and head to the crime scene?† Basil asked. â€Å"The doctor’s been there already. He examined the body. Before – † Nic broke off and Basil sighed. â€Å"Gone again?† â€Å"I’m afraid so.† â€Å"Don’t suppose anyone saw who stole it this time.† â€Å"One minute it was there,† I said, â€Å"the next, poof.† Nic lifted a brow in my direction. I ignored him. People hear what they want to hear, and Basil was no different. â€Å"I wish I knew who this crazy was, and how he managed to steal bodies with no one seein’ him.† â€Å"Mmm,† I agreed. â€Å"What was Sheriff Stephenson doing out there?† Nic asked. â€Å"Report of a grave desecration. Happens sometimes, here and around. Usually kids.† â€Å"Has it been happening a lot lately?† â€Å"No more than usual.† â€Å"And what’s usual for something like that?† â€Å"Now and again. Few times a year maybe.† â€Å"Hmm,† Nic muttered. I understood his concern. Anything odd, especially anything odd that had to do with the dead, was cause for inquiry – both in his world and mine. â€Å"I didn’t see any graves. Did you?† Nic asked. I shook my head. â€Å"There are graves all over the woods,† Basil said. â€Å"Folks buried their dead wherever they dropped in the old days.† â€Å"That’s true,† I agreed. â€Å"And this grave?† Nic pressed. â€Å"Whose was it? Who called and said it had been disturbed?† Basil shrugged. â€Å"I didn’t take the call, but from the location I’d say that was the Anderson homestead. You’d have to look at the plot maps to be sure.† â€Å"I’d also like to see the paperwork,† Nic said. â€Å"Paperwork?† â€Å"On the grave desecrations. Just point me in the right direction.† â€Å"I can’t think that there’s paperwork on something so simple.† I understood Basil’s confusion. Though murders were rare, mischief was not. Bored kids did a lot of drinking in the woods, at the end of dead-end roads, on dusty trails, then they got into trouble. Until recently, a little grave-digging was probably the most excitement anyone got in Fairhaven. â€Å"I suppose this means you Feds are going to be taking over the case,† Basil murmured. Nic and I glanced at each other. â€Å"Yes,† I said. â€Å"That’s exactly what it means.† How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty, Essay examples

The Things They Carried By Tim OBrien Essays -

The Things They Carried by Tim O'Brien Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried is not a novel about the Vietnam War. It is a story about the soldiers and their experiences and emotions that are brought about from the war. O'Brien makes several statements about war through these dynamic characters. He shows the violent nature of soldiers under the pressures of war, he makes an effective antiwar statement, and he comments on the reversal of a social deviation into the norm. By skillfully employing the stylistic technique of specific, conscious detail selection and utilizing connotative diction, O'Brien thoroughly and convincingly makes each point. The violent nature that the soldiers acquired during their tour in Vietnam is one of O'Brien's predominant themes in his novel. By consciously selecting very descriptive details that reveal the drastic change in manner within the men, O'Brien creates within the reader an understanding of the effects of war on its participants. One of the soldiers, "Norman Bowler, otherwise a very gentle person, carried a Thumb. . .The Thumb was dark brown, rubbery to touch. . . It had been cut from a VC corpse, a boy of fifteen or sixteen"(13). Bowler had been a very good-natured person in civilian life, yet war makes him into a very hard-mannered, emotionally devoid soldier, carrying about a severed finger as a trophy, proud of his kill. The transformation shown through Bowler is an excellent indicator of the psychological and emotional change that most of the soldiers undergo. To bring an innocent young man from sensitive to apathetic, from caring to hateful, requires a great force; the war provide s this force. However, frequently are the changes more drastic. A soldier named "Ted Lavender adopted an orphaned puppy. . .Azar strapped it to a Claymore antipersonnel mine and squeezed the firing device"(39). Azar has become demented; to kill a puppy that someone else has adopted is horrible. However, the infliction of violence has become the norm of behavior for these men; the fleeting moment of compassion shown by one man is instantly erased by another, setting order back within the group. O'Brien here shows a hint of sensitivity among the men to set up a startling contrast between the past and the present for these men. The effect produced on the reader by this contrast is one of horror; therefore fulfilling O'Brien's purpose, to convince the reader of war's severely negative effects. In the buffalo story, "We came across a baby water buffalo. . .After supper Rat Kiley went over and stroked its nose. . .He stepped back and shot it through the right front knee. . .He shot it twi ce in the flanks. It wasn't to kill, it was to hurt"(85). Rat displays a severe emotional problem here; however, it is still the norm. The startling degree of detached emotion brought on by the war is inherent in O'Brien's detailed accounts of the soldiers' actions concerning the lives of other beings. O'Brien's use of specific and connotative diction enhances the same theme, the loss of sensitivity and increase in violent behavior among the soldiers. The VC from which Bowker took the thumb was just "a boy"(13), giving the image of a young, innocent person who should not have been subjected to the horrors of war. The connotation associated with boy enhances the fact that killing has no emotional effect on the Americans, that they kill for sport and do not care who or what their game may be. Just as perverse as killing boys, though, is the killing of "a baby"(85), the connotation being associated with human infants even though it is used to describe a young water buffalo they torture. The idea of a baby is abstract, and the killing of one is frowned upon in modern society, regardless of species. O'Brien creates an attitude of disgust in the reader with the word, further fulfilling his purpose in condemning violence. Even more drastic in connotation to be killed is the "orphaned pupp y"(39). Adding to the present idea of killing babies is the idea of killing orphaned babies, which brings out rage within the reader. The whole concept is metaphoric, based on the connotations of key words; nevertheless, it is extremely effective in conveying

What Would A Content Marketing Degree Look Like

What Would A Content Marketing Degree Look Like What would a content marketing degree look like? Obviously, you dont need a degree to take part in content marketing. But if it were going to be your profession, what would you need to know?  Ive been stumbling onto blog posts and articles that try to pin down whether universities ought to offer actual degrees (or at least classes) in online content marketing, or whether there are certain types of courses someone ought to take in order to prepare for a career in content marketing. A Content Marketing Degree Im an art major, and while people often joke about the usefulness of that particular degree, I would point out that it is a degree that taught me important core creative principles that easily translate into other fields. It wasnt limited to the mechanics of drawing and painting, but included learning to give and receive critique, solving problems with my own ideas, working through a problem–good stuff to be able to do. In other words, some college degrees are about more than just their official title, building skills and qualities that translate well into other careers. Should universities offer specific content marketing degrees? #discussRather than worry about universities offering degrees for content marketing specifically, though, two better questions might be: What skills and knowledge would someone look for in hiring a content marketer? What kind of a training should you have if you want to pursue content marketing on your own? There are things every content marketer should know, and it doesnt take a university degree to learn them. What Every Content Marketer Should Know Content marketing is about writing, creativity, marketing, sales, data, and being socially engaging. Thats a lot of skills. How do you approach getting them? There are six core areas of knowledge that a content marketer should have a fair working grasp of, and if there were a content marketing degree, it might look a bit like this. 1. Psychology, Sociology, And Anthropology Psychology is the study of how we behave, and what motivates us to take action (or non-action).  Sociology  is the study of human social behavior, organization, and institutions.  Anthropology  is the study of people using social, biological, and natural sciences, as well as the  humanities  (studying human culture through a speculative and critical lens).  A special focus on  cultural anthropology  will give you insight into the customs, culture, politics, laws, religions, and language of a particular people group, which helps you understand a bit better why and how they react to things that other cultures perceive differently. Whew. All of that to say this:  You need to understand why people do what they do.  You need to know how to motivate or convince them to behave in the way that you want them to. If you are creating content that you want people to notice and share, take action on, and engage with in some way, you must know what causes them to do so. As a content marketer, youll need to know about: Pinging their emotions. Lets say there really are four basic emotions (happy, sad, afraid/surprised, angry/disgusted). Do you know which emotions encourage sharing? Which emotions get people to buy? Which emotions create loyalty? (Psychology) Pinging their motivations. Do you know what motivates people to take action? What verbal cues they look for? What visual cues they want? What turns them off right away? (Psychology) Banking on the group. Understanding how people act in groups or packs is important because that is exactly what social media is. It gets the individual to instigate something to the group. We talked about social proof, and how important it is to build that for your content marketing. Do you know how to leverage the group? (Sociology) Offending their sensibilities. Understanding your audiences culture is paramount. We all view the world through different cultural lenses. What might be offensive or crass in one culture might be admirable in another. Additionally, cultures arent purely based on geopolitical boundaries. They might be startup culture, mommy blogger culture, Star Trek culture–or all of the above. You should know your audiences culture well if you have a niche blog. (Anthropology) Culture affects marketing. Know the zeitgeist you are operating in. Culture determines so much about how content marketing works. Whats trending? Whats old news? Whats hot and what has become passà ©? (Anthropology) Youll see a lot of content marketing blog posts with a psychological or physiological (how our brain responds to stimuli) bent these days, but Ive always felt that, until recently, anthropology was lacking in mention despite having a very large role in how people groups act. The outcome of psychology and sociology sometimes gets altered when filtered through anthropology. Suggested Reading Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion by Robert B. Cialdini The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business by Charles Duhigg How We Decide by Jonah Lehrer Any of Dan Arielys books on behavior and rationality. Anthropology, Inc. by Graeme Wood The Atlantic, Feb 20, 2013. Anthropologys Contributions To Marketing by Charles Winick, Journal of Marketing, July 1961. Cultural Anthropology In Marketing by Marketing Profs 3 Things Marketers Could (And Should) Learn From Anthropologists by Mitchell Osak, Financial Post, March 4, 2014. Psychology for Marketer: 9 Revealing Principles of Human Behavior by Ginny Soskey, Hubspot Blog 2. Creativity And Problem Solving The need to create content of all types, for all occasions, means that youll need to be on your creative toes. A how-to guide on creativity is a bit hard to nail down, since we all approach it differently with habits, systems, preferences, and experiences. As a content marketer, youll need to know how to: Develop a system. Creativity and problem solving are concrete concepts in that they actually do tend to happen in the same way in each of us. We often get the idea that creativity is accidental, on a whim, and not predictable, but this is not the case. Will your system use brainstorming? Will you schedule creative time? Do you understand how creativity works? Do you know how to approach a problem that needs solving? Work through blocks. Sooner or later, youll face a dead-end when it comes to ideas, and this is when youll be glad you took the time to learn techniques to help you get past that. Maybe you have writers block, or cant think of absolutely anything to do for the next video. Really, when you think about it, problem solving  is  creativity. Suggested Reading: Inside the Box: A Proven System of Creativity for Breakthrough Results by Drew Boyd Ogilvy On Advertising by David Ogilvy Scientific Advertising by Claude C. Hopkins Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration by Ed Catmull Orbiting the Giant Hairball: A Corporate Fools Guide to Surviving with Grace by Gordon MacKenzie An Easy Way To Increase Creativity  By Oren Shapira and Nira Liberman, Scientific American, July 21, 2009 3. Journalism And Creative Writing Journalism and creative writing both have a place in content marketing. The journalist approach–getting the important facts and presenting the data with impartiality–mixes well with creative writing, the telling of a good story. As a content marketer, youll need: Research skills. When you approach your blog posts like a journalist, youll start to make use of serious research tools to collect necessary data. The New York Times has compiled a great list of resources you could use to do this kind of research, as has Poynter. Interview skills. Even if you are not doing an outright interview post, you still need to know the art of interviewing because that is really just the art of asking the right questions. Sometimes, when doing research, you are interviewing yourself, asking yourself the questions so that you know what answers to find. Storytelling skills. Do take the time to practice the art of storytelling, which mixes in many of the elements of psychology that motivate readers to keep reading: suspense, emotion, connection, and curiosity. In a sense, both journalists and creative writers are storytellers; one just has tangible facts that must be included with a goal of informing and educating the reader, while creative writing approaches the same goal through a more winding path. In the end, all great writing, no matter what form or style it takes, tells the truth to and about the reader.

Stubby Squid Facts

Stubby Squid Facts The stubby squid, or Rossia pacifica, is a species of bobtail squid native to the Pacific Rim. It is known for its large, complex (googly) eyes and reddish brown to purple coloration, which turns wholly opalescent greenish grey when disturbed. Its small size and striking appearance have led scientists to compare it to a stuffed toy. While they are called squids, in fact, they are closer to cuttlefish. Fast Facts: Stubby Squid Scientific Name: Rossia pacifica pacifica, Rossia pacifica diagensisCommon Names: Stubby squid, Pacific bob-tailed squid, North Pacific bobtail squidBasic Animal Group: Invertebrate  Ã‚  Size: Body length about 2 inches (males) to 4 inches (females)Weight: Less than 7 ouncesLifespan: 18 months to 2 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Polar and deepwater habitats along the Pacific RimPopulation: Unknown  Conservation Status: Data deficient Description   Stubby squids are cephalopods, members of the Sepiolidae family, the subfamily Rossinae, and the genus Rossia. Rossia pacifica is divided into two subspecies: Rossia pacifica pacifica and Rossia pacifica diegensis. Diegensis is found only in the eastern Pacific coast off Santa Catalina Island. It is smaller and more delicate, has larger fins, and lives at greater depths (nearly 4,000 feet) than the rest of the R. pacifica species. Stubby squids look like a combination of octopus and squid- but they are actually neither, being more closely related to cuttlefish.   Stubby squids have a smooth, soft body (mantle) that is short and round with a separate head marked by two large complex eyes. Radiating out from the body are eight suckered arms and two long tentacles which retract and extend as needed to grasp dinner or each other. The tentacles end in clubs which also have suckers. The mantle (body) of the females measure up to 4.5 inches, about twice that of the male (about 2 inches). Each of the arms has two to four rows of suckers which differ slightly in size. The male has one arm with a hectocotylized sucker at the dorsal end to allow him to fertilize the female. Stubby squids have two ear-shaped fins and a slender, delicate internal shell (pen). They produce a great deal of mucus and are sometimes found wearing a Jello jacket of mucus to protect themselves from polluted waters. A man holds a stubby squid which begins to secrete a mucous as a defensive behavior. West Seattle, Washington. Stuart Westmorland / Getty Images Plus Habitat and Range Rossia pacifica is native to the northern rim of the Pacific Ocean from Japan to southern California, including the polar reaches of the Bering Strait. They spend the winters on sandy slopes in moderately shallow water, and the summers in deeper water where they breed.   They prefer sandy to mud-sand bottoms and are found in coastal waters, where they spend most of the day resting at depths of 50–1,200 feet (rarely 1,600 feet) below the surface. When they hunt at night they can be found swimming at or near the coastlines. Preferring to live in shrimp beds near their main prey, they dig themselves into the sand during the day so that only their eyes are visible. When disturbed they turn an opalescent greenish-gray color and squirt out a blob of black ink- octopus and squid ink is usually brown- that has the shape of a squid body.   Disturbed stubby squid swimming. Scott Stevenson / Getty Images Reproduction and Offspring   Spawning takes place in deep water during the late summer and fall. Male stubby squids impregnate females by grasping them with their tentacles and inserting the hectocotylus-armed arm into the females mantle cavity where he deposits the spermatophores. After accomplishing fertilization, the male dies.   The female lays between 120–150 eggs in batches of about 50 eggs (each under two-tenths of an inch); the batches separated by about three weeks. Each egg is embedded in a large creamy white and durable capsule measuring between 0.3–0.5 inches. The mother attaches the capsules singly or in small groups to seaweeds, clam shells, sponge masses or other objects in the bottom. Then she dies.   After 4–9 months, the young hatch out of the capsules as miniature adults and soon begin to feed on small crustaceans. The lifespan of a stubby squid is between 18 months to two years. Conservation Status   Studies on the stubby squid are difficult, since the creature spends much of its life in deep water, especially compared to its shallow-water Atlantic Ocean cousin Sepioloa atlantica. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the stubby squid as data deficient.   The stubby squid appears to survive quite well in polluted urban bays, even those with highly polluted bottom sediments, such as the inner harbors of Seattle and Tacoma, Washington. It is often trawled in large quantities off the Sanriku-Hokkaido coasts of Japan and other subarctic Pacific regions, but its meat is considered inferior tasting to other cephalopods and so has low economic value.   Sources Anderson, Roland C. , Stubby squid. The Cephalopod Page.  Rossia pacificaDyer, Anna, Helmstetler, Hans, and Dave Cowles. (Berry, 1911). Invertebrates of the Salish Sea. Walla Walla University, 2005Rossia pacificaGoogly-eyed Stubby Squid. Nautilus Live. YouTube video (2:27).  Jereb, P., and C.F.E. Roper, eds. Rossia pacifica pacifica Berry, 1911. Cephalopods of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cephalopod Species Known to Date. Vol. 1: Chambered Nautiluses and Sepioids. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005. 185–186.Laptikhovsky, V. V., et al. Reproductive Strategies in Female Polar and Deep-Sea Bobtail Squid Genera Rossia and Neorossia (Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae). Polar Biology 31.12 (2008): 1499-507. Print.Montes, Alejandra. Rossia pacifica. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan, 2014.  Rossia pacifica Berry, 1911. Encyclopedia of Life. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

Research Critique of Ostomy patients' perceptions of quality of care Essay

Research Critique of Ostomy patients' perceptions of quality of care - Essay Example The discussions are based on the researchers' ability to demonstrate an understanding of the qualitative paradigm and the particular qualitative method being used, if the problem clearly delineated with an appropriate rationale for using a qualitative approach, if the purpose for the study one of discovery and description, conceptualization (theory building), illusions, or sensitization, if the researcher-respondent relationship is understood and if the role of the researcher as "research tool" is apparent. This research critique carefully assessed the importance of a research paper for the improvement of the quality nursing care given to Ostomy patients. Recommendations would not be effective unless the process before setting up a recommendation is to be found true, correct and free from any bias. Centuries had already passed and compared to the world way back centuries ago, people today are more knowledgeable, and curios about the things going on around us. Compared to the lifestyle of the olden days, there are things which they believe is indescribable and even tuberculosis has no cure. Today, there are many things that science can do. It is no doubt then, that today's technological era has been achieved by the careful research of scientists, engineers and concerned people who aims to improve something which is inline with their forte. Through thorough research, things have been achieved which changes the world, that is why, careful and truthful research is essential. Can you imagine a world being deceived by false research It could not only harm the world and the society, malicious research, especially medical researches could cause death to patients instead of nursing them to make them better. In the research conducted by Persson, Eva PhD RN ETN; Gustavsson, Bengt PhD MD; Hellstrm, Anna-Lena PhD RN; Lappas, George BSc and Hultn, Leif PhD MD entitled Ostomy patients' perceptions of quality of care [ISSUES AND INNOVATIONS IN NURSING PRACTICE], the researchers aim to improve the nursing practices towards Ostomy patients to be able to provide them with quality care. They have fully understood and identified the needs of Ostomy patients, though following the qualitative research, it lacks the identification and thorough explanation of what Stoma is all about. They should have clearly defined Stoma and give a narrative explanation which would enable readers to picture out the severity if this illness. Through this, the reader would understand how and why it is important to focus on issues and innovations in nursing practice with regards to the quality care given to Ostomy patients. Before continuing with the research, the researchers should have also explained in clear, straightforward terms, all aspects of living with a stoma, including ways to feel more comfortable with it, and helps you overcome any embarrassment a patient may feel when talking to doctors and other healthcare professionals, to be able to get the best possible help and support. For those who have stoma, the surgery is life-saving, but they can be hard to adjust to, and even though no-one may know that a person have stoma it can make a patient feel

How Will Repeated Oral Reading Practice Impact Reading Fluency Case Study

How Will Repeated Oral Reading Practice Impact Reading Fluency - Case Study Example I teach at an elementary school, J.B. Nachman, in Alexandria, Louisiana. The school starts at Pre-K and goes through to fifth grade. There are approximately 700 students in the school. Nachman is the solitary elementary school in the district that is not considered a Title One school. I teach third grade, and we are not currently departmentalized. There are 23 students in my class: eight African American students, thirteen white students and one Asian student. I have one child with an IEP, and he is with a resource teacher for a majority of the day. There are no other adults in my classroom. I have chosen a small group of students (eight children) for my project based on their most recent DIBELS scores. The children, under my watch, have scored well below benchmark and are likely to need intensive support with regard to oral reading fluency. These are children who enjoy reading and are not intimidated to read aloud, as much as they struggle with word recognition and fluency. Review of Literature Clearly, reading serves many purposes in our daily lives. We use it in our work and play. We use it to help us learn more about ourselves and about the world around us in addition to sharing information with others (Martin-Chang & Levy, 2005). The National Reading Panel Report (2000) contained conclusive research that indicated that reading fluency was an essential element of the entire reading process, and that it was crucial that it is taught to developing readers. â€Å"Just as children and adults love to watch favorite movies over and over, readers of all ages have books, or sections of books, that they enjoy reading and re-reading, time and time again† (Dowhower, 1994, p. 354). ... â€Å"Just as children and adults love to watch favorite movies over and over, readers of all ages have books, or sections of books, that they enjoy reading and re-reading, time and time again† (Dowhower, 1994, p. 354). Since the 1970s, researchers and scholars have collected data that supported the concept that multiple readings of connected text enhanced the reading skills of a regular student. Reading stories to young students, besides their personal rereading, at least three times proved to enrich reading development. This procedure of repeated readings was simple, yet extraordinarily powerful (Dowhower, 1994). Using the common round robin approach in the classroom, where students take turns reading a small portion of the story, substantially limited amount of practice each student received because no child was allowed to read for very long. In order for students to establish significant progress in reading, beyond the initial stages, they needed to be given sufficient opp ortunities to practice reading in a variety of text styles (Pikulski & Chard, 2003). Employing repeated reading on a regular basis in a variety of formats could impact word recognition, reading fluency and comprehension (Rasinski, 2003). There is much evidence to support claims that repeating reading instruction influenced fluency in a diverse array of students. The ultimate goal of repeated reading instruction was to then enable students to generalize fluency to new passages that were being read for the first time (Nanda & Frederick, 2007). According to Pikulski and Chard (2003), repeated oral reading is the most frequently documented approach to improving fluency, with improved outcomes for young students

Press Freedom in Malaysia

Press Freedom in Malaysia Introduction and Context of Press Freedom According to the World Press Freedom Index 2014, our country, Malaysia ranks 147 among 180 countries. The World Press Freedom Index measures the degree of freedom of the journalists and news publication in each country, how much efforts that the public respect to the freedom and ensure it, and also the negative connection between information and conflicts. There are some general criteria that the World Press Freedom Index used to score the country which are pluralism, media independence, environment and self-censorship, legislative framework, transparency and infrastructure (Reporters without Borders, 2014). Since our country ranks in 147, it means that Malaysia’s press freedom is totally in a difficult situation. The violations and discrimination of the journalists and also the daily news which publish about violence and negative issues will affect the World Press Freedom ranking. The news media in Malaysia are mostly monopolized by laws and regulation. It covers a huge area in the media industry and restrict them in many ways. Government may reinforce the industry by adopting and implementing a self-regulation code and even watch or guide them to impose those regulations (Alsogoff Hamzah 2007). This results in the restriction of press freedom. Press freedom protects the privilege to obtain and publish materials without the government censorship or the law enforcement. It applies to all types of printed and broadcast material such as books, newspapers, journals, magazines, brochures, films and radio and even the television programs. The press are not given too much power or credibility to perform on certain things. According to Alsagoff, Abdullah Hassan (2011), they stated that there are three ways to restrict the press freedom in Malaysia which are through restrictive laws, ownership from political parties and connected business individuals and also the self-censorship which are exercised by the editors and journalists. Because of the laws and regulations towards the press freedom, the press and the public cannot express their feelings and thoughts freely. This has already restricted them to think creatively and critically. Importance of Press Freedom As we know, although the press freedom has been partially restricted in Malaysia, either the online news or news publication, the journalists still consider the freedom of press important for some reasons and play their role as the responsibility to transmit the information to the public, as follows: Since the information and the news has been published without being biased or prejudiced, the public are able to make decision or think critically about the related issue; Press functions not only as the indicator of an issue but also the as the media’s predictor of the change in the nations over the world; Press can be known as a part of the media to help to maintain the balance and the democracy of the country. Media acts as the â€Å"watchdog of the people† and also the â€Å"Fourth Estate† other than the three traditional estate of the Parliament. Nowadays, there are strong inseparable relationship between the status of democracy and the role of the press and media. It means that one cannot function without another where the rapid growth of the technology and the rise of the social media is challenging the restrictions from the government to the press media. (Dr.Sankaran, n.d.) Technology, Social Media and Reformasi The media crisis issues which were happened in Malaysia has contributed to the idea of press freedom. Most of the press freedom had their printing licenses revoked because of the restriction of the government and the laws. After facing much obstacles from publishing materials such as May 1969 Riots, Operation Lalang and the Reformasi issue, the attention shifted to the Internet. In the early September 1998, former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad fired his deputy Anwar Ibrahim. Many Malaysians were craving to search for the truth of why Anwar had been fired as the government concealed the truth from the mainstream media. Thus, the alternative media such as online website were sprang up to find out the truth and to maintain the principles as journalists which are â€Å"transparency† and â€Å"accountability†. For example, Malaysia’s most popular email discussion, The Sangkancil mailing list, the independent web-based daily newspaper, Malaysiakini,com, website for a community to cultivate a public sphere, Freemedia, and the web radio which under the Centre of Investigative Journalism’s operation, RadiqRadio.com (Anil, 2002). It also claims that Anwar Ibrahim is the one who bro ught out the trend of using alternative media to find out the truth. In this new era, due to the development of the technology, newspaper are slowly not recognized by the people as they are able to search the information that they want through the alternative media. The Internet appeared to transform the ways that the news media work used to be in technological-developing countries as well as how the society groups try to change the society (Robie, n.d.). Thus, it makes a large extent to the alternative or independent media in the world. It provides alternative viewpoint, opinion and information to the public (Atton, 2002). Although blogs and social networking website were not essentially used to share information, they are widely used to spread the news better than the mainstream media which automatically transform into the most potential information source (Sajad, n.d.). However, there are still some people who use the alternative and the social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Youtube and other sources to spread misinformation and rumors. Alternative media differs with the mainstream media from some dimensions which are their contents, aesthetic, production method, distribution method, and the relations between audiences. Every alternative media created with certain aims and purpose. For example, Malaysiakini was established for the journalists who dissatisfied with the biased news content and their objective is to push the boundaries and test the press freedom (Wang, 2001). It shows that although the mainstream media has been restricted by the government, there are still some alternative media with different purposes for public to voice out their opinion. Therefore, the technology advancement and the rising of social media give a perspective that there is press freedom in the society. The May 1969 Riots – The Idea of Press Freedom In the 1969 general election, the ruling Alliance Party which includes UMNO, MCA and MIC almost failed to gain a two-thirds majority seats in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). On the other hand, the opposition parties managed to get the majority seats and the supports from public. The opposition parties involving DAP, Gerakan, PAS and formed a joint double-prong commission for two purposes which to prevent vote splitting and to campaign for each other by asking their supporters to vote for anyone other than the Alliance Party (Lim, 2012). Therefore, it created a multi-ethnic society and received most of the votes and grant welcome from Malays. However, the government seemed to not have an agreement with the situation. According to them, it was caused by the â€Å"inflammatory speeches made by the political parties during the election campaign and made the oppositions parties staged the victory processions† (Lee, 1995). This is why the government felt that their position and status had been threatened. To solve this situation, the King, advised by the government, declared an emergency state in Malaysia. At the same time, all press publication were requested to shut down for two days starting from 16 May 1969 to inhibit the spread of propaganda (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). By the way, there are still some major newspapers were allowed to publish items but the news contents had to be censored by the government first. The press has completely controlled by the government and been restricted for two days although some of press were owned by private sector. Because of that, the journalists decided to revoke and fight for the press freedom. They noticed that the press freedom is important for the public to understand what is happening in our country. Public has the rights to know the truth behind the government. This is how does the press freedom idea come from. Control towards Press Freedom Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA) The first law and regulation which controls the freedom of the press is the Printing Presses and Publications Act (PPPA). This legislative impinges on the media effectiveness in playing its role as disseminator of information and watchdog over the government of the day (Wang, 2001). Cardinally, British colonial government introduced the Printing Presses and Publications Act as the Printing Ordinance 1948 at the beginning of the emergency state, in order to resist Communist activities which seems as a threat to the establishment. This act again revised in 1971 because of the 13 May 1969 to provide powers and to revoke the publication’s license who aggravated the national sensitivities and the development. Section 3 requires all publication to apply for an annual publishing licence. It makes the printers and the publishers cannot retain their licenses by eliminating the renewal process. If not, they could have to face the prison term for 3 years jail sentence. It also added some curbs in the act. For example, Section 8(A) (2) states that the published material to be malicious if the writer cannot prove that he/she had taken reasonable measures to verify the truth of the news. Because of this amended act, the government always use this act to straighten the media law and control the publication either directly or indirectly. According to Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani (2005), the reasons that the government wants to restrict the press freedom and introduces the PPPA in Malaysia are to ensure the orders and to limit the ability of foreign presses to influence people’s attitudes and minds towards the government and country as a whole. In 1987, two national dailies, The Star and Sin Chew Jit Poh and a Malay bi-weekly, Watan had their licenses revoked because the press were taking sides in their coverage of the Chinese education and also supported the opposition parties by continuously provide transparent news coverage. In 1988, they resumed the publication again after some changes in editorial staff and a climate of self-censorship among the journalists which continued through the 1990s. Official Security Act (OSA) Moreover, the Official Secrets Act (OSA) is also yet another piece of legislation that has restricted the right freedom of the expression. It replaced the Malay States Official Secret Ordinance 1950 and was based on the British OSA 1911 and 1920. It can be known a statute inMalaysiaprohibiting the dissemination of information classified as an official secret. This act is related to the communication of sensitive information to non-authorized persons or foreign agents. Raja Aziz Addruse (1990), former chairman of the Malayan Bar Council, describes the Act as the antithesis of the freedom of speech and of citizen’s right to comment on and discuss the government misconduct and incompetence. To exemplify, Section 2 in OSA defines official secret as any official letter, information, or material which is classified by the Minister and the Chief Minister of state or an appointed public officer as â€Å"Top Secret†, â€Å"Secret†, â€Å"Confidential†, and â€Å"Restricted†. Subsequent amendments to this Act have had the effect of making almost all official documents to be classified as official secret (Mustafa, 2002). The public does not have the right to speak out the voice as they are afraid they may be sued or even sentenced to jail. The journalists are also having the same situation too. They are not allowed to report or do any further investigation since the document has been labelled as secret by the Executive. Thus, many government officers use this as an excuse to cover things that cannot be exposed to the public such as bribery, relationship and power misusing and even the promiscuity. After that, they threatened the press to whitewash the truth so that the people will think that the government is really practicing â€Å"transparency† and â€Å"accountability†. However, till then, this issue cannot be denied as it has been shown clearly through the daily newspaper and the related officers have gotten the punishment that they deserved. On 13 July 2007, Tan, a webmaster who works for the opposition Parti Keadilan Rakyat, was arrested under Section 8 of OSA. He was suspected on possessing â€Å"official secrets† on his blog by connecting a link (http://jelas.info) which accused Deputy Internal Security Minister Johari Baharum suspecting in a bribery allegations in exchange for the release of people detained under Malaysia Emergency Ordinance. It is a law that deals with the internal security which allows for detention without trial. Because of this, Johari had been called for an official investigation while Tan may face one to seven years’ imprisonment if he found guilty of violating the OSA. Internal Security Act (ISA) Furthermore, another law and regulation which restrict the press freedom is the Internal Security Act (ISA). ISA can be known as a preventive detention law force in Malaysia which provides for without-trial detention and arbitrary arrest for a period (Mustafa, 2002). This act is originally enacted in the early 1960s during a national state of emergency which play its role as a temporary measure to fight for a communist rebellion. It is based on barely suspicion that one â€Å"may be† commit an act which may bring dangerous and threat to the national security. By the way, this act has be shown clearly that how did it function during Operation Lalang. The issue development of Operation Lalang also brought the second largest Internal Security Act (ISA) alight in Malaysian History since the 13 May riots. Other than the three mainstream newspapers’ licenses were revoked, a number of 106 people were also detained under ISA declaring for participating in activities â€Å"prejudicial to the security of Malaysia†. The detainees include the leader of the Opposition, Lim Kit Siang, ALIRAN president Dr Chandra Muzaffar, DAP Deputy ChairmanKarpal Singh and so forth as well as university lecturers, environmentalists, businessman and some members of UMNO (Operasi Lalang, n.d.). It brought the major breakdown in the Malaysia political history during that time. There is some other examples of ISA cases which happened in Malaysia. On 2010, thirteen journalists, including two Malaysians, were arrested under ISA because of participating in hunger strikes in May and June due to lack of news over their release. Raja Petra Kamaruddin, a blogger of the Malaysia Today website who was well known for publishing a series of commentary articles on Malaysian politics on the website, was alleged by the Minister of Home Affairs, Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Albar to be â€Å"a threat to national security†. On 11 April 2001, he was suspected for allegedly plotting to subvert the former Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohammad and was arrested under ISA. Then he was released after 52 days and again arrested for second time due to further investigation. Sedition Act In 1948, the British colonial government enacted Sedition Act to fight with the Communists. The amendments were made through an Emergency Ordinance 1971 after the riots of 1969. The aim is to illegalize any questioning on Part III (citizenship), Article 152 (national language), Article 153 (Malays’ privilege and the rights of other races) and Article 181 (Rulers’ sovereignty of the Federal Constitution) (Freedom of Expression, 2010). This act empowers the ministers or police to detain everyone who has been found guilty for spreading seditious meanings or information which harm individuals, interest groups, societies and countries. Therefore, it limits the press freedom from publishing anything which seems like harming or threating the government officers. In history, the Sedition Act has been appealed against those critical of the government and the parliament members. Under this Act, if they found guilty, the parliament members can have their suspended parliamentary immunity. Over the years, many of them have been charged and found guilty under the Act. In 2009, the law has been played its role to arrest those who opposed to the Barisan National takeover of the Perak state government (Des Iskandar, 2014). To exemplify, University of Malaya law lecturer and columnist, Prof Dr. Azmi Sharom was charged under Sedition Act for his comments on the 2009 Perak constitutional crisis in an online news portal Malay Mail. He was arrested under Section 4(1) (b) which states officers who utters any seditious word will be fined for not exceeding RM5, 000 or imprisonment for not exceeding five years. Other than that, Malaysiakini online news portal journalist, Susan Loone also arrested under same act for publishing her phone interview with Penang executive councilor, Phee Boon Poh on the mass arrests of the states Voluntary Patrol Unit (PPS) on Merdeka Day since Phee is the EXCO who in charge of PPS. For the press, after the general election in 1999, PAS’s twice weekly party newspaper, Harakah editor Zulkifli Sulong and the printer Chea Lin Thye, owner of printing firm Syarikat Prema was arrested under Sediction Act for purposely publishing seditious material. Anwar’s lawyer, Karpal Singhwar also detained under the act because of allegedly seditious words in court. Conclusion Although our Malaysia is moving on to the developed-technology era with the rise of social media, most of the press still controlled and owned by the political parties or private sectors from different channels, either directly or indirectly. With the help of the social media, journalists still do not have the freedom to express what they really inform to tell the public. Therefore, the public seems like the frogs under the well who do not know what has happened to our government. Are they still practicing â€Å"transparency† and â€Å"accountability†? Do the government officers still doing something that we public do not know? Who can give us the answer? It is the journalists and the reporters! If the government still restrict the press freedom, what is the value of publishing newspaper daily? There are some suggestions to enhance the press freedom in our country. Cardinally, it is necessary to reduce the concentration of media ownership towards the publication and social media (Zaharom Wang, n.d.). Less media ownership’s attention help the news media to publish materials without concerning on the importance and the image of the private sector or political party but still need to obey the law enforcement as the responsibility of journalists. Furthermore, It is encouraged to invite new media actors enter the industry. It is crucial for new actors to provide alternative channels to express their opinions in an economically and socially-diverse society (Anil, 2002). Therefore, it able the public to think and comment on related issue with relevant examples and information critically. In a nutshell, promoting press freedom through the social media and mainstream media in our country is the most important and critical issue that the journalists should consider at the moment. Thus, we can develop an equal information flow and opinion between the government administration and the public.