The Role of Advance Practice Nursing Essay Example

The Role of Advance Practice Nursing Paper Since the beginning nursing has been characterized from various perspectives. As of late the field of advance work on nursing has developed as medical caretakers are taking on all the more testing and extensive jobs inside the social insurance field. One may characterize a development practice nurture from multiple points of view. As indicated by the Department of Regulation and Licensing in Wisconsin, and propelled practice nurture is an enlisted nurture with the accompanying accreditations: (1) holds an expert nursing permit inside the state, (2) is ensured by a national confirming authority as a medical attendant professionals, enrolled nurture anesthetist, clinical attendant pro or other nursing master and (3) an enlisted nurture who holds an advanced education by an authorize college (DRL, 2004). This definition is genuinely standard among most other nursing foundations. As a rule propelled practice attendants may not recommend drugs, however there is presently an accreditation APNs can get that permit them to endorse meds in specific examples. As indicated by the American Nurses Association and propelled practice attendant or APN is an umbrella term given to an enrolled nurture (RN) who has met progressed instructive and clinical practice necessities (ANA, 2005). We will compose a custom paper test on The Role of Advance Practice Nursing explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Role of Advance Practice Nursing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Role of Advance Practice Nursing explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer An APN hence for the most part has more than 2-4 years of fundamental nursing instruction (ANA, 2005). An APN is relied upon to do more independent obligations than a conventional RN, remembering finding and treatment of patients for some cases. One may close from these two examinations then that an APN is a profoundly specific medical caretaker with cutting edge abilities in determination and treatment of sickness in addition to other things. Job of APN APNs come in numerous structures and their jobs change altogether relying upon their strength or key region of training. The more typical claims to fame or fields an attendant takes on incorporate medical caretaker experts (NP), Certified Nurse Midwifes (CNM), Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNS) and Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA) (ANA, 2005). The job of an APN fluctuates as indicated by their strength, anyway most give a huge number of administrations to patients in business settings, clinical consideration settings, retirement networks, emergency clinics and even schools (ANA, 2005). Since the vast majority know about the term nurture expert or NP, well analyze the job of a NP all the more intently. Suggested Reading  Nursing Practice A NP typically works inside a clinical setting, private office, and emergency clinic or in a nursing home (ANA, 2005). Many are represented considerable authority in a particular field like pediatrics or obstetrics. NPs lead an assortment of clinical consideration undertakings, which may incorporate analysis, thorough clinical accounts, physical assessments, translation of labs or X-beams and patient training (ANA, 2005). Medical caretaker Midwives then again give gynecologic and obstetric consideration to ladies including pre-birth care and work and conveyance care (ANA, 2005). Guaranteed nurture maternity specialists speak to one of the quickest developing territories of APN practice lately (ANA, 2005). The job of the APN likewise incorporates mental help for patients and their relatives. Attendants by and large participate in considerably more close connections with patients much of the time than essential consideration suppliers or doctors. They frequently have the chance to talk more to patients about their narratives, current condition, way of life and needs, needs and wants with respect to human services rehearses (Lumby, 2004). This cozy bond opens numerous roads for help and development inside the social insurance calling as medical caretakers start acknowledging better approaches for addressing persistent needs and offering the most elevated conceivable degree of value care. Lumby (2004) recommends that the term advance practice nurture or even medical caretaker specialist is one that is questionable at wagered in light of the fact that the term expert explicitly has as a rule been held for specialists. The creator additionally brings up that all medical attendants are specialists of nursing paying little mind to their aptitudes or ability (Lumby, 40). The creator moves the calling of nursing to concentrate on key issues, which she characterizes as building up the ability to inquire about and articulate the advancement going on inside the calling (Lumby, 41). Among the present issues confronting advance practice medical caretakers and the nursing calling as a rule incorporate discovering strategies to conveyance customer centered quality wellbeing administrations and move people perspective from a supplier driven framework to a shopper driven framework that empowers buyers to settle on educated decisions in regards to their human services (Lumby, 41). Issues and Discussion of Advance Practice Nursing Lumby makes a valid statement. It isn't close to as critical to characterize a development practice nurture all things considered to characterize what strategies, techniques and practices medical caretakers should embrace later on to drive social insurance in a shopper situated course. The social insurance industry has since quite a while ago confronted numerous emergencies none the least of which is giving satisfactory medicinal services to an undeniably various populace. Propelled practice medical caretakers, with extra preparing and increasingly particular consideration, are collaborating significantly more than RNs with patients regularly. They are assuming key jobs in the wellbeing results of patients in the short and long haul in numerous cases. Numerous APN are likewise settling on choices that at last will influence a patients long haul wellbeing and prosperity. It is significant as Lumby brings up that APNs concentrate on empowering or engaging shoppers to settle on free decisions with respect to their social insurance. Customers need to feel they are playing a functioning job in the dynamic procedure with regards to their wellbeing and prosperity. APNs can help encourage this procedure by advising patients and informing them of their decisions in a medicinal services setting. Much like a doctor most APN lead self-ruling choices when diagnosing and rewarding complex side effects in patients. APNs must not exclusively be clinically gifted at diagnosing and evaluating yet additionally incorporate significant abilities, for example, training, correspondence and initiative and carries these elements into the patient medical attendant relationship. The job of the APN will probably keep on changing with time as the social insurance measures inside the country and over the globe keep on evolving. New jobs and claims to fame inside the field of advance work on nursing will likewise rise as human services advances and changes in the forthcoming years. Ideally these progressions will at last outcome in better human services administrations and better characterized jobs for the two parental figures and patients in a social insurance setting. Moreover APNs will probably keep on confronting progressing difficulties in the medicinal services field, including difficulties introduced by working under an oversaw care framework that doesnt bear the cost of equivalent access to social insurance to all individuals in the states. APNs should keep on working together intently with associates and doctors as well as with individuals from the network and patients to widen their experience and grow new strategies for addressing customers needs in as Lumby calls it, an inexorably buyer driven practice. Book index : ANA. Propelled work on nursing: another age in human services. 1997 American Nurses Association. 23 Sept 2005: http://www. nursingworld. organization/readroom/fsadvprc. htm DRL. (2004 Jan). DRL Advanced Practice Nurse Prescriber. January 8, 2004. Wisconsin Department of Regulation and Licensing. 24, Sept 2005: http://drl. wi. gov/prof/nura/def. htm Lumby, J. (2000). Clinical difficulties: Focus on nursing. St. Lenoards, Allen ; Unwin.

Working Environment and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working Environment and Family - Essay Example The key issue that has been tended to in this book is the development of increment in number of working ladies, who have for the most part little youngsters. The relationship of working moms in this hair-pulling condition to legitimize among remaining task at hand and family duties is the fundamental zone of conversation. Various kinds of social parameters have broke down to get the substance of this social issue. Parameters incorporates the pace of destitution per family, low birth weight rates, pregnancies in adolescent ages, premature births proportion, death rates especially among small kids and newborn children and the aftereffect of eight-graders especially in arithmetic and science. For what reason are private arrangements lacking to address the work/family needs of Americans, the two guys and females are moving towards workplace. Regardless of global partnerships, Non-administrative associations, Food chains, departmental stores or some other. The irregularity has obviously observed among all the fields on the off chance that, we intently watch the work/family needs everything being equal. This issue has not been distinguished or seen by the businesses. For the most part the arrangements offered by the vast majority of the privately owned businesses are not genius representative rather they are progressively engaged towards efficiency or organization requests.

The Taste of Health

The Taste of Health Its 2 a.m. and Im hemming and hacking in a nondescript motel room somewhere in rural Georgia. The heater beneath the rooms lone window thrums continuously. Its below freezing outside. Moonlight is sneaking through a crack in the curtains. Ryan is lying in the other bed, snoring lightly, wearing earplugs to shield himself from my latenight coughs. Fortunately, this is my last night fighting this battle. You see, I never get sick. Well, I never get sick unless I eat junk food. But I never eat junk food. Well, okay, I  dont usually  eat junk food. But I did earlier this month. A lot. And boy oh boy did I pay the price. My diet is typically pristine. I avoid the bad-food trinity: bread, sugar, and processed foods. But earlier this month I gave in to all three, eating fancy desserts and artisan breads and specialty ice cream. I figured I could indulge before starting the tour. Damn it, I was wrong, and I suffered accordingly. Two days before leaving Montana, The Minimalists were scheduled to deliver the keynote address at TEDxWhitefish. On the eve of our presentation, though, I developed strep throat and couldnt speak without sounding like a poor imitation of Marlon Brando in the Godfather.  However, I was able to pull throughâ€"the adrenaline (read: fear) of the stage and its bright lights opened my vocal cords for a few necessary minutes. But of course the problems didnt stop there. Next, as Ryan and I set out on our 2,600-mile trek to Florida, influenza began to work its way through my body. Every muscle ached. Misery overwhelmed my existence for several days. But of course the problems didnt stop there, either. As the flu worked its murderous course, a respiratory infection arrived at my motel doorstop, making it hard to breathe. Coughing kept me awake each night, and because the Nyquil was ineffective in muting my midnight coughs, I was grateful for the codeine a Nebraskan doctor prescribed. But of course the problems didnt even stop there. When I woke after my first decent sleep in over a week, I was covered in hives. Turns out Im allergic to codeine. Ive never felt itchier in my life. (Bonus lesson: Dont Scratch the Itch.) The last two weeksve felt protracted. Each interview for the book tour, every mile driven, each sleepless nightâ€"everything has moved slowly.  No one should feel bad for me, though.  I take full responsibility for my bad choices.  In reality, I didnt  get  sick. Rather, I invited the sickness in. When I established the conditions for a virus to thrive, the virus showed up and hung out a while. He even invited some friends. Thankfully, I recovered by the time we made it to the Sunshine State, and now Im back on the good-food wagon.  Truth be told, no food is worth feeling as nasty as Ive felt recently. Nothing tastes as good as being healthy feels. The decisions we make today are not ephemeral. Our current decisions, even the small ones, impact our future selves. If we want to feel great tomorrow, we better make the right decisions right now. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Has the sociological function of the mass media been affected by modern technological developments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2650 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? For instance, do the plethora of ways of finding and reporting news, through online forums, blogs, YouTube, etc., available to the average citizen undermine the hegemonic role of traditional news media in this regard? Discuss from a functionalist, Marxist or other sociological perspective. Introduction The mass media plays a major role in todays society. Functionalism emphasises its strength, but warns of the danger of having its power controlled by a few individuals or organisations. That hegemony was threatened with the creation of the World Wide Web. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Has the sociological function of the mass media been affected by modern technological developments?" essay for you Create order Twenty-first century internet technology now offers any citizen the potential to reach an audience of millions. The key sociological concepts for analysing the impact of the media are long-established, and later commentators often reinterpret existing theories rather than offering new perspectives. Two macro-theories, both viewing society as a system shaping human behaviour, dominate discussions: the functionalist stance and the Marxist-oriented conflict perspectives. This essay will draw on Parsons, Merton, and Wright to present the classic functionalist viewpoint. Conflict theory offers several interpretations of Marxism, which serves as a critique. This essay will detail the popularity of the most frequently-accessed mainstream websites and consider social medias role in news-gathering and dissemination. Examples of traditional and modern media coverage will illustrate changing attitudes and societal mores and the capacity of social media to precipitate change, before using a functional analysis to assess if the sociological function of the mass media has been affected by modern technological developments. Social theory and the media Functionalism, a structural perspective and a leading sociological stance of the 1940s and 1950s, regards society as an interdependent system that can only be understood by examining how separate structural parts relate to each other and to society as a whole. The traditional mass media, principally newspapers and cinema, reached their zenith during this era so it is unsurprising that sociologists used functionalism to analyse the media and society. Functionalism makes certain assumptions, including the need for stability, and examines the origin and maintenance of order and stability in society (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004: xv). Functionalism suggests that the mass medias common perspective and shared common experience bind society together. Parsons (1964) argued that societal behaviour is governed by shared values that become societal norms, a value-consensus which enables society to function effectively. Functionalism being value-neutral, disruptive activities are dysfunctio nal rather than intrinsically bad; defunct values become extinct.   Merton (1968), remaining within the functionalist tradition, felt that functional unity was unlikely in complex societies and that all functions, whether of religion, social stratification or even the family itself, could be met elsewhere within society. He distinguished between manifest (intended) and latent (hidden/unintended) functions of the media. A manifest function could be the need to sell goods for profit. The latent functions included supporting the status quo by reinforcing values. (Merton, 1968). Charles Wright developed what became known as the classic four functions of the media. He stated that media theorists noted three activities of communication specialists: (1) surveillance of the environment, (2) correlation of the parts of society in responding to the environment, and (3) transmission of the social heritage from one generation to the next (Wright, 1959:16). He also identified a fourth element -entertainment and distinguished between the intended purpose of the mass media and its consequences. Whereas functionalists believe that societal norms govern human behaviour, Marxists argue that the controlling factor is the economic system. They offer a conflict perspective where the mass media legitimises the status quo, enabling hegemonic control over the dissemination of information. Marx argued that members of the elite produced the dominant societal ideas to conceal exploitation of the working class while the mass media manipulated information to normalise inequality (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Functionalism has also been critiqued on the grounds that the value-sets presumed to characterise Western society have never been conclusively demonstrated, and the content of values rather than value-consensus as such can be seen as the crucial factor with respect to social order (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004:943). Old and New Mass media The time lag between reporting and printing left newspapers a day behind in publishing events; the visual impact of television was immediate. The Vietnam War was the first televised conflict. The iconic image of nine-year-old Kim Phuc running naked down a road outside Saigon following a napalm attack helped to turn public opinion against continued American involvement (Newton and Patterson, 2015). In the world of the traditional media, the internets potential impact was underestimated by commentators such as Clifford Stoll. Writing in Newsweek he said: The truth is no online database will replace your daily newspaper [and] no computer network will change the way government works (Stoll, 1995). He was quite clearly wrong on both counts, but at that time few people had access to the new form of media that had been developed by enthusiastic amateurs, academics and students. (Rheingold, 1994). According to Pew Research (2015), Yahoo the worlds biggest on-line news service attracte d 127,995,000 unique visitors in January 2015.   A Google search of the traditional media reveals that the BBC warrants an impressive 793,000,000 Google listings while The Times newspaper has 398,000,000. However, these numbers are dwarfed by social media listings. YouTube has 7,540,000,000 entries, Twitter has 11,350,000,000 and Facebook tops the poll with 15,050,000,000 (Information retrieved 27.8.2015). Furthermore, on Monday 24th August 2015, it was reported that one billion people à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" one seventh of the worlds population à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" logged into their Facebook accounts (Zuckerberg, 2015). Digital communication normalises rapid dissemination of information. Anyone with a smart phone can potentially break a major news story; the first images of the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre in 2001 came from mobile phone footage. Micro-blogging is event-driven; Twitter provides users with a regular feed of news and trivia. Stories which are re-tweeted o r commented on frequently are said to be trending. However, with a limit of 140 characters per tweet, brevity still rules occasionally, just as it did when news of the Crimean War was transmitted to Britain via telegraph. Discussion Historically, a comparatively small group of people working for an even smaller and more exclusive group of newspaper, film and broadcasting organisations gathered information. They determined what should be made public and how it should be presented. Deciding what to omit was probably as important as deciding what should be included; stories presenting the establishment in a negative light were often suppressed. Certain reports, decades apart but linked by a common thread, bridge the gap between traditional media and the digital age and illustrate changing attitudes in Britain. During the 1936 Abdication Crisis, despite it being widely disseminated elsewhere, British media initially ignored the affair between Edward VIII and Mrs. Simpson out of deference to King George V (Rubenstein, 2003:199). However, less deference was shown to Princess Margaret; MP Willie Hamilton, who regularly raised the issue of the royal finances in the House of Commons, described her as a floosie.. a m onstrous charge on the public purse. (Davies, 2002, np). The rise of celebrity culture also gave rise to the paparazzi, an independent cohort of photojournalists, who followed and photographed members of the royal family at every opportunity. Earl Spencers passionate oration at the funeral of his sister, Princess Diana, blamed the paparazzi for her death, describing Diana as the most hunted person of the modern age (Princess Diana 97, 1997). More recently, compromising pictures of Prince Harry on a trip to Las Vegas were circulated on-line by US celebrity website TMZ.com (TMZ, 2012). What used to be news is now entertainment. There are a number of potential dangers in the functions of the media. Analysis accompanying factual reporting influences public opinion, but unchallenged norms and values can perpetuate injustice; one only has to recall the portrayal of racial minorities in 1950s media. Entertainment may double as propaganda, as in the jingoistic films released during WWII. Nevertheless, deciding what information goes into the public arena may still have hegemonic undertones, as demonstrated by a BBC Newsnight investigation into Jimmy Savile. This was pulled shortly before a tribute programme to the late celebrity, believed to have abused hundreds of children, was due for broadcast. Members of the investigation team were sidelined amid allegations of a management cover-up (Jackson, 2015). Wrights observation distinguishing between intended and unintended consequences of the media is particularly relevant to the new social media. In late 2010, mass demonstrations against political repression, poverty and corruption swept the Middle East during the short-lived Arab Spring uprising. The authorities were unable to suppress the outflow of information via social media. The Tunisian government was the first to fall. The hegemony of their state-approved news agencies had been completely undermined. However, organisations such as ISIS also use social media to spread their message, recruit followers and boast of their horrific accomplishments (Ajbaili, 2014). From the value-neutral functionalist stance (Wright, 1974) this is not evil but merely dysfunctional when viewed from the paradigm of Western culture; ISIS is communicating, commenting and sharing its value system to gain wider acceptance of its fundamentalist values. Contrary to Stolls predictions (Stoll, 1995) internet usage proliferated. Some functions of the new media, such as gathering and disseminating information, clearly descend from their traditional forbearers, but news is a globalised and a 24/7 product which has given rise to a cult of celebrity (Hollander, 2010). Gatekeepers cannot determine what constitutes news when a story may go viral without warning, although unedited on-line content can be disturbing. Recently, the world was appalled by the murders on live television of a reporter and cameraman, in an attack filmed by the gunman and later circulated by him on social media. Such incidents bring into question the wisdom of facilitating unmediated access to what was once the airwaves. However, that particular discussion is beyond the scope of this essay. Social media has been proven to instigate social change. The viral impact of the YouTube video Kodaikanal Wont forced Unilever to clear mercury waste from its disused factory in Tamil Nadu (Kasmin, 2015). Social movements such as anti-globalisation campaigners use social media very effectively to spread their message. Charities and NGOs regularly harness its power and it is said that U.S. President Barack Obama owed his election success to his teams mastery of social media. Only this week, the image of a lifeless Aylan Kurdi, the three-year old Syrian refugee washed up on a Turkish beach, galvanised public opinion worldwide, although one fears that effective political action to resolve the refugee crisis may take rather longer. Mainstream broadcasters have embraced social media, rout inely incorporating audience participation by inviting comment via Twitter, text or e-mail. They have websites, Twitter feeds, and Facebook pages, as do organisations or individuals wishing to raise their public profile. Printed media struggles with falling sales, but on-line services stream news, opinion and entertainment directly into the family home, traditionally seen as the location for the transmission of cultural values. Mesch cautions that: The introduction of new technologies such as the internet into the household can potentially change the quality of family relationships (Mesch, 2006:119, cited in McGrath, 2012:9). This impact is particularly strong on children growing up with digital media, quite literally, at their fingertips, and a trend towards individualisation within households is undermining natural family interaction (Buckingham 2000:43). Discussion of the functions fulfilled by family life is beyond the scope of this essay, but the issue highlights concerns over whether communications via the new social media have become a substitute for face-to-face interaction and whether social media can in fact, sustain the social fabric of traditional family life and, by implication, society as we know it across the generations. Although one would sincerely hope otherwise, Mertons (1968) analysis suggesting the possible extinction of functional family life could be prophetic. Conclusion Functionalists have been criticised for seeing social order in terms of value-consensus on the grounds that consensus is presumed, not proven, to exist. Critics also note that research has not demonstrated widespread commitment to the value-sets assumed to underpin Western society, and suggest that value-content is the crucial factor (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004). Marxism argues that functionalism does not explain social conflict, and sees the mass media as another tool used by the elite to maintain their power and privilege. Social media news content is clearly not controlled in the conventional sense and posts can disturb the status quo, influencing political and social change. This strength has diminished hegemony, although organisations such as the BBC still exert editorial control over the old media. Ideologically-driven campaigns of the left such as the anti-globalisation movement have been able to use social media to publicise their activities as never before. The differ ences between opposing sets of cultural values are brought into sharp focus as social media follows events in the Middle East and elsewhere, bringing our unstable, i.e. dysfunctional world into our homes. McGrath (2012) cautions that social media could have far-reaching impacts on family life; Merton (1968) posited that any function, including that of the family unit itself, was dispensable and that society would always find an alternative. These issues cannot be discussed here but they clearly warrant investigation. On reflection, news may be trivial or disturbing, the message may travel faster and further and the values transmitted may be radically different from those of previous generations, but despite social medias impact, its functions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" gathering and disseminating news, transmitting culture and entertaining have remained consistent. It is the changing value-content which is disconcerting, but functional analysis necessitates a distinction between functio ns and effects so it cannot offer a value judgement. Bibliography Ajbaili, M (2014). How ISIS conquered social media in Al Arabiya News, 24th June 2014. Available at https://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/digital/2014/06/24/How-has-ISIS-conquered-social-media-.html. Retrieved 28.8.2015. Buckingham, David, 2000. After the death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. USA: Blackwell Publishing Limited. Davies, C (2002). A captivating woman who was courted by many suitors but failed to find everlasting love. In The Telegraph, 11th February 2002. Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1384451/A-captivating-woman-who-was-courted-by-many-suitors-but-failed-to-find-lasting-love.html. Retrieved 6.9.2015. Haralambos, M, and Holborn, M (2004) Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London, HarperCollins. Hollander, P (2010).   Why the Celebrity Cult?   in Society, Vol 47 pages 388 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 391.   Available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12115-010-9348-9#.   Retri eved 8.9.2015. Jackson, J, 2015. BBC forced out team behind Savile exposÃÆ' ©, says ex-Newsnight journalist in The Guardian, 29th July 2015. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jul/29/bbc-savile-expose-newsnight-meirion-jones. Retrieved 29th August 2015. Kasmin,A, 2015. Social Media proves its power as Unilever feels the heat in Financial Times, 9/8/2015. Available at https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0ec249f6-3ce9-11e5-8613-07d16aad2152.html#axzz3lc2qXKhpr Retrieved 27/8/2015 McGrath, S (2012) The Impact of New Media Technologies on Social Interaction in the Household. Available at https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/sites/default/files/assets/document/SiobhanMcGrath.pdf Retrieved 29.8.2015 Merton, R (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure, (enlarged edition) New York, The Free Press Newton, P, and Patterson, T (2015). The Girl in the picture: Kim Phucs journey from war to forgiveness. In CNN online, 20th. August 2015. Available at edition.cnn .com/2015/06/22/world/kim-phuc-where-is-she-now/ . Retrieved 5.9.2015. Parsons, T (1964). Essays in Sociological Theory. New York, The Free Press. Pew Research (2015) Digital Top 50 online news entities 2015. Available at https://www.journalism.org/media-indicators/digital-top-50-online-news-entities-2015/. Retrieved 5.9.2015. Princess Diana 97 (1997). Princess Dianas funeral Part 17: Earl Spencers Tribute. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VUy-wBwBvw Retrieved 6.9.2015 Rheingold, H (1994). The Virtual Community. Finding connection in a computerised world. London, Secker and Warburg. Rubenstein, W (2003). Twentieth Century Britain: A Political History. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan Stoll, C (1995) Why the Web wont be Nirvana. In Newsweek, 26.2.1995. Available at https://www.newsweek.com/cliffor-stoll-why-web-wont-be-nirvana-185306 Retrieved 27.8.2015. TMZ.com (2012) Prince Harry nude pics surface from Las Vegas Trip 21.8.2012. Available at (https://ww w.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/21/prince-harry-nude-pics-photos_n_1820333.html Retrieved 6.9.2015.  Ãƒâ€š Wright, C (1959) Mass Communication: A Sociological Perspective. New York, Random House Wright, C (1974). Functional analysis and mass communication revisited in Blumer, J, and Katz, E (eds) The uses of mass communications (pp 197 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 212). Beverley Hills, Sage Publications. Available at https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/8 Retrieved 27.8.2015 Zuckerberg, M (2015) cited in One Billion People used Facebook on Monday. Sky News report, 28.8.2015. Available at https://news.sky.com/story/1542868/one-billion-people-used-facebook-on-monday Retrieved 28.8.2015

The Human Rights Of The United Nations - 2236 Words

I Introduction The term ‘human rights’ is difficult to define, but generally they are regarded as those fundamental and inalienable rights which are essential for life. They are rights inherent, interdependent, and indivisible to all human beings. This means they cannot be granted or taken away and include rights such as civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Each act of torture and ill-treatment, inflicted by one human being upon another, permanently scars all those touched by it and destroys our sense of common humanity. Consequently, the prohibition of torture and other forms of ill-treatments is universally recognised and is enshrined in all of the major international and regional human rights instruments. It is also†¦show more content†¦In particular, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Torture Convention) which is monitored and supervised by the Committee Against Torture (CAT) will be examined. Furthermore, the paper will address the reasons as to why such treaty bodies are characterised as quasi-judicial dispute resolution mechanisms, and outline the extent to which their decisions are legally binding on State. II The UN Framework The UN is an intergovernmental organisation established in 1945 in the aftermath of the Second World War to help promote peace, security and stabilise international relations; and is made up of six main bodies, under which multiple subsidiary organisations operate. The UN Charter officially came into force on 24 October 1945, and includes almost every nation in the world. As stated in Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter, all member of the UN have pledged themselves to respect and promote human rights. With respect to promoting human rights, the UN system is a fundamental component of the international human rights framework. Since the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948, a wide array of human rights norms have been developed. The UN has helped to enact many comprehensive agreements on political, civil, economic, social and cultural

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Free Essays

â€Å"Uh-oh,† I murmured, staring at the empty grass where a body used to be. The ground was still dark with blood. Otherwise I might have thought we were in the middle of a shared delusion, and there’d never been any dead sheriff at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Where? What?† Nic drew his gun and turned in a slow circle, eyes searching the forest. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"There’s no one,† I said. â€Å"But – † He stalked around the body, took a few steps into the woods. â€Å"There aren’t any drag marks. I didn’t hear anything.† He was still thinking in human terms. I could hardly blame him. â€Å"That’s because no one dragged him away.† â€Å"They had to – â€Å" â€Å"No, they didn’t.† My insistence finally penetrated his confusion. He put away his gun. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"I have no idea, but I’m thinking supernatural. Can I use your phone?† He stared at the empty space as if the body might appear as miraculously as it had disappeared. No such luck. â€Å"Nic?† I pressed. â€Å"The phone?† He handed it to me, then went back to staring. I dialed Edward, got voice mail, left a message. â€Å"Call me at – † I frowned, then snapped my fingers in front of Nic’s nose. â€Å"Number?† He recited it and I did the same, then called Jessie and relayed the news. â€Å"Guess that explains where the dead bodies have gone,† she said. â€Å"Where?† Silence met my question. â€Å"Well, maybe it doesn’t explain it, but – Hell, I don’t know.† â€Å"Are you coming back?† I asked. â€Å"Can’t. According to the authorities I’ve talked to in Minnesota, they’ve got a major wolf problem only we can solve, if you get my drift.† â€Å"Leigh and Damien?† â€Å"Serious shit going on in Washington, too. They’ve got their hands full. I’d swear there was a full moon.† I glanced at the sky where the silver orb wavered, appearing slightly off balance, not at all full. Weird. â€Å"Did you call Edward?† she asked. â€Å"Voice mail.† â€Å"Figures.† â€Å"What should I do?† â€Å"Deal with it. You’re a Jger-Sucher.† â€Å"Not really. I’ve never had to handle a case.† â€Å"You do now. Just wing it.† â€Å"I’m not the winging-it type.† â€Å"Change.† Jessie hung up. â€Å"Hell,† I muttered. â€Å"What did she say?† â€Å"Wing it?† â€Å"Hell,† Nic repeated. â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"I’d better contact the ME,† Nic said, â€Å"tell him to call off the coroner’s wagon. Although how I’m going to explain a missing body I have no idea.† I handed Nic his phone, then stared at the blood-drenched ground. I hadn’t a clue where to start. A few minutes later, Nic joined me. â€Å"What did you tell him?† I asked. â€Å"The truth.† â€Å"What!† â€Å"Not the whole truth. Take a breath.† Nic shook his head. â€Å"I said the body was missing. Since that appears to be an epidemic around here, the doctor wasn’t surprised.† Silence settled over the clearing, broken only by the sounds of the night. â€Å"I guess you can go,† I said. â€Å"Nothing natural here.† â€Å"No.† I glanced at him in surprise. â€Å"Why would you stay?† â€Å"I don’t leave the scene of a murder, even if the body does. That’s not how we do things in the FBI.† â€Å"You come across a lot of disappearing bodies in the FBI, do you?† â€Å"That’s beside the point.† â€Å"You can’t tell them what’s going on here.† â€Å"No shit. I’d be on the next transport to a little white room.† In truth, I wanted Nic to stay. I had no idea what to do. Not that he’d know any better how to figure out why a body – or ten – had disappeared into thin air. But at least he was someone who had dealt with death before. Still, there were other issues we had to get straight before we could work together. â€Å"We can’t – â€Å" â€Å"Sleep together anymore?† he snapped. â€Å"I figured that out for myself, Elise.† â€Å"I was going to say ‘keep sniping at each other,’ but that, too.† There was no way I would continue an affair with a man who found me disgusting – especially when I still loved him. I might be pathetic, but I wasn’t stupid. â€Å"Fine.† His jaw tightened. â€Å"We’ll work together.† I held out my hand. â€Å"But nothing else.† He stared at my palm for several seconds, then spun on his heel and headed into the trees. â€Å"I’ll take that as a yes,† I shouted at his retreating back. The ride back to Fairhaven was silent. We reached town about 3 a.m. â€Å"Looks like the deputy’s back,† Nic murmured, eyes on the sheriff’s office, where every light blazed. â€Å"Guess we should tell him he’s been promoted,† I said. â€Å"Mmm. He’s not going to be happy.† â€Å"Why not?† I let my gaze wander over the quiet, peaceful street. â€Å"Fairhaven seems a decent place to be a sheriff.† â€Å"It was.† â€Å"He’s a cop. He’ll do his job.† â€Å"I don’t doubt he will. But small towns usually hire retired law-enforcement officers – old men who don’t want any more hassles.† â€Å"Oh,† I muttered, understanding why Basil might not be thrilled to learn of his sudden promotion to head cop of a town with serious troubles. Nic stopped the car, shut off the motor. â€Å"I don’t think we’re supposed to actually tell him what’s going on,† I returned. â€Å"We don’t know what’s going on.† â€Å"Then there shouldn’t be any problem. But werewolves, disappearing bodies. Let’s just keep that to ourselves, shall we?† â€Å"What if we just tell him what we know? As little as that is.† â€Å"Rule number one,† I recited. â€Å"No truth for civilians. They panic, then they call the press. The National Enquirer would be a real pain right now.† â€Å"I suppose.† I got out of the car. Nic followed and together we climbed the steps to the sheriff’s office. â€Å"But I don’t like keeping law-enforcement officials in the dark. This guy should know what he’s facing.† I reached for the door just as it opened, and I nearly fell into the man on the other side. He wasn’t old. Though at least twenty-one, since he was a deputy, Basil Moore appeared much younger. His long, wheat-shaded hair was tied in a ponytail. His cheekbones were high and sharp, his eyes bright green. He could have been a model, except for the scar that bisected his right cheek. What a waste. Then again, the scar gave him the air of a pirate in a modern world. The perfection’s marring only seemed to highlight how perfect he was. â€Å"Deputy.† I straightened. â€Å"I’m Elise Hanover. This is Dominic Franklin.† â€Å"FBI,† Nic said, offering his hand, and in doing so, including me as one of them. I let it pass. If Basil thought I was FBI, that saved a lot of questions as to what I actually was. â€Å"More FBI?† Basil asked, shaking Nic’s hand, then nodding to me. â€Å"More?† Nic asked. â€Å"That tall gal and the Injun.† His lip curled. â€Å"Too damned friendly, if ya ask me. What the hell’s she thinking?† I recalled Will’s description of Basil – not an Indian lover. I’d heard people like him existed, but I hadn’t really believed it. Basil kept on talking in a striking bass voice that would have been lovely if he hadn’t been such a racist. â€Å"They were FBI, too. Why on earth the government would hire a red man, I have no idea.† Nic glared at me and I shrugged. I wasn’t surprised Jessie and Will and probably Edward, too, had identified themselves as FBI. We lied all the time so we could do our jobs with the least amount of questions asked. Besides, our usual lies – we were with the DNR, there was rabies, and so on – wouldn’t work in Fairhaven. There weren’t any wolves. â€Å"Yes, well – † Nic cleared his throat. â€Å"Will and Jessie found Sheriff Stephenson.† â€Å"I’d hope so since I told them exactly where he was.† â€Å"You didn’t tell them he’d be dead.† Basil blinked. â€Å"Dead?† â€Å"As in ‘not alive,'† I offered. Nic threw me a quelling stare, and I shut my mouth. â€Å"I guess that makes you the acting sheriff,† Nic continued. â€Å"Where have you been? I’ve been calling since the body was discovered.† â€Å"I was talkin’ to some folks around town. They’re upset. People disappear, and they start whisperin’ about black magic, Devil worship, witches.† Basil’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"You think something like that is going on in Fairhaven?† â€Å"Nothing like that,† I muttered. â€Å"Should I grab Dr. Watchry and head to the crime scene?† Basil asked. â€Å"The doctor’s been there already. He examined the body. Before – † Nic broke off and Basil sighed. â€Å"Gone again?† â€Å"I’m afraid so.† â€Å"Don’t suppose anyone saw who stole it this time.† â€Å"One minute it was there,† I said, â€Å"the next, poof.† Nic lifted a brow in my direction. I ignored him. People hear what they want to hear, and Basil was no different. â€Å"I wish I knew who this crazy was, and how he managed to steal bodies with no one seein’ him.† â€Å"Mmm,† I agreed. â€Å"What was Sheriff Stephenson doing out there?† Nic asked. â€Å"Report of a grave desecration. Happens sometimes, here and around. Usually kids.† â€Å"Has it been happening a lot lately?† â€Å"No more than usual.† â€Å"And what’s usual for something like that?† â€Å"Now and again. Few times a year maybe.† â€Å"Hmm,† Nic muttered. I understood his concern. Anything odd, especially anything odd that had to do with the dead, was cause for inquiry – both in his world and mine. â€Å"I didn’t see any graves. Did you?† Nic asked. I shook my head. â€Å"There are graves all over the woods,† Basil said. â€Å"Folks buried their dead wherever they dropped in the old days.† â€Å"That’s true,† I agreed. â€Å"And this grave?† Nic pressed. â€Å"Whose was it? Who called and said it had been disturbed?† Basil shrugged. â€Å"I didn’t take the call, but from the location I’d say that was the Anderson homestead. You’d have to look at the plot maps to be sure.† â€Å"I’d also like to see the paperwork,† Nic said. â€Å"Paperwork?† â€Å"On the grave desecrations. Just point me in the right direction.† â€Å"I can’t think that there’s paperwork on something so simple.† I understood Basil’s confusion. Though murders were rare, mischief was not. Bored kids did a lot of drinking in the woods, at the end of dead-end roads, on dusty trails, then they got into trouble. Until recently, a little grave-digging was probably the most excitement anyone got in Fairhaven. â€Å"I suppose this means you Feds are going to be taking over the case,† Basil murmured. Nic and I glanced at each other. â€Å"Yes,† I said. â€Å"That’s exactly what it means.† How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty, Essay examples

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Twenty Free Essays

â€Å"Uh-oh,† I murmured, staring at the empty grass where a body used to be. The ground was still dark with blood. Otherwise I might have thought we were in the middle of a shared delusion, and there’d never been any dead sheriff at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Where? What?† Nic drew his gun and turned in a slow circle, eyes searching the forest. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"There’s no one,† I said. â€Å"But – † He stalked around the body, took a few steps into the woods. â€Å"There aren’t any drag marks. I didn’t hear anything.† He was still thinking in human terms. I could hardly blame him. â€Å"That’s because no one dragged him away.† â€Å"They had to – â€Å" â€Å"No, they didn’t.† My insistence finally penetrated his confusion. He put away his gun. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"I have no idea, but I’m thinking supernatural. Can I use your phone?† He stared at the empty space as if the body might appear as miraculously as it had disappeared. No such luck. â€Å"Nic?† I pressed. â€Å"The phone?† He handed it to me, then went back to staring. I dialed Edward, got voice mail, left a message. â€Å"Call me at – † I frowned, then snapped my fingers in front of Nic’s nose. â€Å"Number?† He recited it and I did the same, then called Jessie and relayed the news. â€Å"Guess that explains where the dead bodies have gone,† she said. â€Å"Where?† Silence met my question. â€Å"Well, maybe it doesn’t explain it, but – Hell, I don’t know.† â€Å"Are you coming back?† I asked. â€Å"Can’t. According to the authorities I’ve talked to in Minnesota, they’ve got a major wolf problem only we can solve, if you get my drift.† â€Å"Leigh and Damien?† â€Å"Serious shit going on in Washington, too. They’ve got their hands full. I’d swear there was a full moon.† I glanced at the sky where the silver orb wavered, appearing slightly off balance, not at all full. Weird. â€Å"Did you call Edward?† she asked. â€Å"Voice mail.† â€Å"Figures.† â€Å"What should I do?† â€Å"Deal with it. You’re a Jger-Sucher.† â€Å"Not really. I’ve never had to handle a case.† â€Å"You do now. Just wing it.† â€Å"I’m not the winging-it type.† â€Å"Change.† Jessie hung up. â€Å"Hell,† I muttered. â€Å"What did she say?† â€Å"Wing it?† â€Å"Hell,† Nic repeated. â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"I’d better contact the ME,† Nic said, â€Å"tell him to call off the coroner’s wagon. Although how I’m going to explain a missing body I have no idea.† I handed Nic his phone, then stared at the blood-drenched ground. I hadn’t a clue where to start. A few minutes later, Nic joined me. â€Å"What did you tell him?† I asked. â€Å"The truth.† â€Å"What!† â€Å"Not the whole truth. Take a breath.† Nic shook his head. â€Å"I said the body was missing. Since that appears to be an epidemic around here, the doctor wasn’t surprised.† Silence settled over the clearing, broken only by the sounds of the night. â€Å"I guess you can go,† I said. â€Å"Nothing natural here.† â€Å"No.† I glanced at him in surprise. â€Å"Why would you stay?† â€Å"I don’t leave the scene of a murder, even if the body does. That’s not how we do things in the FBI.† â€Å"You come across a lot of disappearing bodies in the FBI, do you?† â€Å"That’s beside the point.† â€Å"You can’t tell them what’s going on here.† â€Å"No shit. I’d be on the next transport to a little white room.† In truth, I wanted Nic to stay. I had no idea what to do. Not that he’d know any better how to figure out why a body – or ten – had disappeared into thin air. But at least he was someone who had dealt with death before. Still, there were other issues we had to get straight before we could work together. â€Å"We can’t – â€Å" â€Å"Sleep together anymore?† he snapped. â€Å"I figured that out for myself, Elise.† â€Å"I was going to say ‘keep sniping at each other,’ but that, too.† There was no way I would continue an affair with a man who found me disgusting – especially when I still loved him. I might be pathetic, but I wasn’t stupid. â€Å"Fine.† His jaw tightened. â€Å"We’ll work together.† I held out my hand. â€Å"But nothing else.† He stared at my palm for several seconds, then spun on his heel and headed into the trees. â€Å"I’ll take that as a yes,† I shouted at his retreating back. The ride back to Fairhaven was silent. We reached town about 3 a.m. â€Å"Looks like the deputy’s back,† Nic murmured, eyes on the sheriff’s office, where every light blazed. â€Å"Guess we should tell him he’s been promoted,† I said. â€Å"Mmm. He’s not going to be happy.† â€Å"Why not?† I let my gaze wander over the quiet, peaceful street. â€Å"Fairhaven seems a decent place to be a sheriff.† â€Å"It was.† â€Å"He’s a cop. He’ll do his job.† â€Å"I don’t doubt he will. But small towns usually hire retired law-enforcement officers – old men who don’t want any more hassles.† â€Å"Oh,† I muttered, understanding why Basil might not be thrilled to learn of his sudden promotion to head cop of a town with serious troubles. Nic stopped the car, shut off the motor. â€Å"I don’t think we’re supposed to actually tell him what’s going on,† I returned. â€Å"We don’t know what’s going on.† â€Å"Then there shouldn’t be any problem. But werewolves, disappearing bodies. Let’s just keep that to ourselves, shall we?† â€Å"What if we just tell him what we know? As little as that is.† â€Å"Rule number one,† I recited. â€Å"No truth for civilians. They panic, then they call the press. The National Enquirer would be a real pain right now.† â€Å"I suppose.† I got out of the car. Nic followed and together we climbed the steps to the sheriff’s office. â€Å"But I don’t like keeping law-enforcement officials in the dark. This guy should know what he’s facing.† I reached for the door just as it opened, and I nearly fell into the man on the other side. He wasn’t old. Though at least twenty-one, since he was a deputy, Basil Moore appeared much younger. His long, wheat-shaded hair was tied in a ponytail. His cheekbones were high and sharp, his eyes bright green. He could have been a model, except for the scar that bisected his right cheek. What a waste. Then again, the scar gave him the air of a pirate in a modern world. The perfection’s marring only seemed to highlight how perfect he was. â€Å"Deputy.† I straightened. â€Å"I’m Elise Hanover. This is Dominic Franklin.† â€Å"FBI,† Nic said, offering his hand, and in doing so, including me as one of them. I let it pass. If Basil thought I was FBI, that saved a lot of questions as to what I actually was. â€Å"More FBI?† Basil asked, shaking Nic’s hand, then nodding to me. â€Å"More?† Nic asked. â€Å"That tall gal and the Injun.† His lip curled. â€Å"Too damned friendly, if ya ask me. What the hell’s she thinking?† I recalled Will’s description of Basil – not an Indian lover. I’d heard people like him existed, but I hadn’t really believed it. Basil kept on talking in a striking bass voice that would have been lovely if he hadn’t been such a racist. â€Å"They were FBI, too. Why on earth the government would hire a red man, I have no idea.† Nic glared at me and I shrugged. I wasn’t surprised Jessie and Will and probably Edward, too, had identified themselves as FBI. We lied all the time so we could do our jobs with the least amount of questions asked. Besides, our usual lies – we were with the DNR, there was rabies, and so on – wouldn’t work in Fairhaven. There weren’t any wolves. â€Å"Yes, well – † Nic cleared his throat. â€Å"Will and Jessie found Sheriff Stephenson.† â€Å"I’d hope so since I told them exactly where he was.† â€Å"You didn’t tell them he’d be dead.† Basil blinked. â€Å"Dead?† â€Å"As in ‘not alive,'† I offered. Nic threw me a quelling stare, and I shut my mouth. â€Å"I guess that makes you the acting sheriff,† Nic continued. â€Å"Where have you been? I’ve been calling since the body was discovered.† â€Å"I was talkin’ to some folks around town. They’re upset. People disappear, and they start whisperin’ about black magic, Devil worship, witches.† Basil’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"You think something like that is going on in Fairhaven?† â€Å"Nothing like that,† I muttered. â€Å"Should I grab Dr. Watchry and head to the crime scene?† Basil asked. â€Å"The doctor’s been there already. He examined the body. Before – † Nic broke off and Basil sighed. â€Å"Gone again?† â€Å"I’m afraid so.† â€Å"Don’t suppose anyone saw who stole it this time.† â€Å"One minute it was there,† I said, â€Å"the next, poof.† Nic lifted a brow in my direction. I ignored him. People hear what they want to hear, and Basil was no different. â€Å"I wish I knew who this crazy was, and how he managed to steal bodies with no one seein’ him.† â€Å"Mmm,† I agreed. â€Å"What was Sheriff Stephenson doing out there?† Nic asked. â€Å"Report of a grave desecration. Happens sometimes, here and around. Usually kids.† â€Å"Has it been happening a lot lately?† â€Å"No more than usual.† â€Å"And what’s usual for something like that?† â€Å"Now and again. Few times a year maybe.† â€Å"Hmm,† Nic muttered. I understood his concern. Anything odd, especially anything odd that had to do with the dead, was cause for inquiry – both in his world and mine. â€Å"I didn’t see any graves. Did you?† Nic asked. I shook my head. â€Å"There are graves all over the woods,† Basil said. â€Å"Folks buried their dead wherever they dropped in the old days.† â€Å"That’s true,† I agreed. â€Å"And this grave?† Nic pressed. â€Å"Whose was it? Who called and said it had been disturbed?† Basil shrugged. â€Å"I didn’t take the call, but from the location I’d say that was the Anderson homestead. You’d have to look at the plot maps to be sure.† â€Å"I’d also like to see the paperwork,† Nic said. â€Å"Paperwork?† â€Å"On the grave desecrations. Just point me in the right direction.† â€Å"I can’t think that there’s paperwork on something so simple.† I understood Basil’s confusion. Though murders were rare, mischief was not. Bored kids did a lot of drinking in the woods, at the end of dead-end roads, on dusty trails, then they got into trouble. Until recently, a little grave-digging was probably the most excitement anyone got in Fairhaven. â€Å"I suppose this means you Feds are going to be taking over the case,† Basil murmured. Nic and I glanced at each other. â€Å"Yes,† I said. â€Å"That’s exactly what it means.† How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty, Essay examples